[🇵🇰-Navy] Pakistan Navy History

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Operation Dwarka is one of the most significant events of 1965 Indo-Pak war which reflected courage, determination, professional competence, dedication and coordination of the PN personnel involved in it. The objectives of this operation were: to draw the heavy enemy units out of Bombay for the submarine GHAZI to attack; to destroy the radar installation at Dwarka; to lower Indian morale; and to divert Indian Air effort away from the north.

On 7 September 1965 when the ships were on their normal war patrol, the following signal was received from Naval Headquarters: "Task group comprising PNS BABUR, PNS KHAIBAR, PNS BADR, PNS JAHANGIR, PNS ALAMGIR, PNS SHAHJAHAN and PNS TIPU SULTAN is to be in position 239 degrees - 120 miles from Dwarka light house by 071800 E Sep with maximum power available. Task group thereafter to carryout bombardment of Dwarka about midnight using 50 rounds per ship. Force is to retire from bombardment area by 080030 E Sep and return to present patrol area at full speed. One or two enemy frigates may be expected to encounter in the area in addition to enemy air threat."

The Commodore Commanding PN Flotilla accordingly originated his signal at 1835, the salient features of which were: The initial position for attack was 206 degrees Dwarka light 6 miles; the target was to be city installations and conspicuous chimney; and complete radio silence was to be maintained except for guarding air warning radar.

The Fleet immediately topped up fuel and shaped course for Dwarka operation. At midnight the ships were on Initial Position (IP) with all their guns loaded and the men ready to strike a historic punch on enemy's face.

The city of Dwarka was completely blacked out and target could only be identified on radar. At 0024 bombardment was ordered to commence when ships were 5.5 to 6.3 miles from Dwarka light. It took only four minutes to complete the bombardment, firing altogether about 350 rounds on the target.

Upon successful completion of the attack the ships retired immediately without any loss or damages. There was no considerable resistance from the enemy and the ships safely arrived at their patrol area by 0635 on 8 Sep.

The birth of Royal Pakistan Navy came with the creation of Pakistan on the historic day of 14 August 1947. Like other navies of the commonwealth, Pakistan's Navy also had the prefix "Royal" until the country was proclaimed a republic in 1956. At 0800 on 14 August 1947, the flag of Rear Admiral J W Jefford, Flag Officer Commanding Royal Pakistan Navy was hosted on his Flagship HMPS GODAVARI. The Admiral's first signal addressed to the officers and men of the RPN was flashed to all ships and shore establishments.

 

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The PN share of the ships at the time of partition comprised 4 frigates/sloops, 4 fleet minesweepers, 8 motor minesweepers and harbour defence launches. The Naval Headquarters started functioning initially in a one room office of the Naval Officer Incharge, Karachi. NHQ was later shifted to a building at West Wharf and subsequently shifted to Napier Barracks (Liaquat Barracks) at Karachi.

The training establishment HMPS HIMALAYA was commissioned as Gunnery and Radar School for the RIN on 27 Nov 1943. Soon after independence, it expanded into a combined training establishment housing the Signal, Torpedo and Anti-submarine, Tactics, Navigation and Direction, Supply and Secretariat and Cookery Schools.

The first mechanical training establishment of Pakistan Navy was set up on Manora Island and commissioned as HMPS KARSAZ on 01 Dec 49. In 1952 PN Torpedo Depot was established at West Wharf. To meet the increasing demand of docking/repair, a dock was purchased from Italy and was commissioned as HMPS IQBAL. Subsequently the graving dock was opened at PN Dockyard Karachi on 7 Sep 54.

In 1956 Islamic Republic of Pakistan was proclaimed under the 1956 constitution. The prefix `Royal' was dropped and the service redesignated as Pakistan Navy short title PN. PN Jack and Pakistan flag replaced the Queen's colour and the white ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air Force to Army, Navy, Air Force.

In 1968 PNS IQBAL was commissioned for Special Services Group (Navy). One year later in 1969 Navy suited from khaki uniform to its traditional white uniform. PNS PESHAWAR was commissioned in 1970 as the depot for PN Dockyard. Pakistan Naval Academy was also established in the same year as PNS RAHBAR followed by commissioning of PNS ABDOZE as a depot for the submarine service.

First PN Staff course commenced in May 1971 at PN Staff College established in Karsaz area.

The Maritime Security Agency was established on 1 Jan 1987. On 8 Jun 1996, PNS PUNJAB was commissioned as a depot unit at Lahore.

In 1974 Naval Headquarters was shifted to Islamabad and PNS ZAFAR was commissioned as a depot for PN personnel serving at Islamabad.

The Maritime Headquarters with Ferranti 5070 computer assisted coastal surveillance system was inaugurated at Clifton Karachi in 1976 alongwith PNS HAIDER commissioned as its depot.

In 1981 Pakistan Naval Engineering College was established and commissioned as PNS JAUHAR. In 1986 PNS BAHADUR was commissioned as the main professional training center for seaman branch personnel. It housed the Surface Warfare, Naval Warfare and OPS, Communications, Hydrography, EW, Instructional Techniques and Music schools.

PNS AKRAM, the first naval establishment on MAKRAN coast was commissioned in 1987 as a depot for naval detachments at GWADAR. The base camp was also established on ORMARA Head the same year and inaugurated as Remote Data Station MIANWALI.

In 1990 Marine Battalion of Pakistan Navy was formed and PNS QASIM, re-commissioned at Manora, was established as the HQ for marines.

In 1991 Pakistan naval ensign was hoisted at Jinnah station, which was established in the Antarctica. The same year RDS MIANWALI at ORMARA was commissioned as PNS AHSAN, a depot unit for personnel at ORMARA.

In 1992 Missile Depot was commissioned as PNS AATISH at Maripur.

In 1994 PNS NIGRAN was commissioned as the depot for Naval Provost Branch.

In 1996 PNS RAZA was commissioned as an Air Store Depot.

In 1994 ground breaking and foundation stone laying ceremony of "Jinnah Naval Harbour" (JNB) was performed. The base was finally commissioned in year 2000.

 

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The PN share of the ships at the time of partition comprised 4 frigates/sloops, 4 fleet minesweepers, 8 motor minesweepers and harbour defence launches. The Naval Headquarters started functioning initially in a one room office of the Naval Officer Incharge, Karachi. NHQ was later shifted to a building at West Wharf and subsequently shifted to Napier Barracks (Liaquat Barracks) at Karachi.

The training establishment HMPS HIMALAYA was commissioned as Gunnery and Radar School for the RIN on 27 Nov 1943. Soon after independence, it expanded into a combined training establishment housing the Signal, Torpedo and Anti-submarine, Tactics, Navigation and Direction, Supply and Secretariat and Cookery Schools.

The first mechanical training establishment of Pakistan Navy was set up on Manora Island and commissioned as HMPS KARSAZ on 01 Dec 49. In 1952 PN Torpedo Depot was established at West Wharf. To meet the increasing demand of docking/repair, a dock was purchased from Italy and was commissioned as HMPS IQBAL. Subsequently the graving dock was opened at PN Dockyard Karachi on 7 Sep 54.

In 1956 Islamic Republic of Pakistan was proclaimed under the 1956 constitution. The prefix `Royal' was dropped and the service redesignated as Pakistan Navy short title PN. PN Jack and Pakistan flag replaced the Queen's colour and the white ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air Force to Army, Navy, Air Force.

In 1968 PNS IQBAL was commissioned for Special Services Group (Navy). One year later in 1969 Navy suited from khaki uniform to its traditional white uniform. PNS PESHAWAR was commissioned in 1970 as the depot for PN Dockyard. Pakistan Naval Academy was also established in the same year as PNS RAHBAR followed by commissioning of PNS ABDOZE as a depot for the submarine service.

First PN Staff course commenced in May 1971 at PN Staff College established in Karsaz area.

The Maritime Security Agency was established on 1 Jan 1987. On 8 Jun 1996, PNS PUNJAB was commissioned as a depot unit at Lahore.

In 1974 Naval Headquarters was shifted to Islamabad and PNS ZAFAR was commissioned as a depot for PN personnel serving at Islamabad.

The Maritime Headquarters with Ferranti 5070 computer assisted coastal surveillance system was inaugurated at Clifton Karachi in 1976 alongwith PNS HAIDER commissioned as its depot.

In 1981 Pakistan Naval Engineering College was established and commissioned as PNS JAUHAR. In 1986 PNS BAHADUR was commissioned as the main professional training center for seaman branch personnel. It housed the Surface Warfare, Naval Warfare and OPS, Communications, Hydrography, EW, Instructional Techniques and Music schools.

PNS AKRAM, the first naval establishment on MAKRAN coast was commissioned in 1987 as a depot for naval detachments at GWADAR. The base camp was also established on ORMARA Head the same year and inaugurated as Remote Data Station MIANWALI.

In 1990 Marine Battalion of Pakistan Navy was formed and PNS QASIM, re-commissioned at Manora, was established as the HQ for marines.

In 1991 Pakistan naval ensign was hoisted at Jinnah station, which was established in the Antarctica. The same year RDS MIANWALI at ORMARA was commissioned as PNS AHSAN, a depot unit for personnel at ORMARA.

In 1992 Missile Depot was commissioned as PNS AATISH at Maripur.

In 1994 PNS NIGRAN was commissioned as the depot for Naval Provost Branch.

In 1996 PNS RAZA was commissioned as an Air Store Depot.

In 1994 ground breaking and foundation stone laying ceremony of "Jinnah Naval Harbour" (JNB) was performed. The base was finally commissioned in year 2000.

 

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AIR ARM

On 28 Sep 1974 the first of the six Westland Sea King helicopters was acquired from UK marking the introduction of naval aviation and rotary wing aircraft in the service. III squadron was established for these rotary wing aircraft. PNS MEHRAN was subsequently commissioned as the base for the Naval Air Arm on 26 Sep 75. Rest of these helicopters also arrived in subsequent year.

In 1975 four Atlantic LRMP aircraft were acquired from France marking the introduction of fixed wing aircraft in the service and establishment of 29 Squadron. One plane while on a routine training mission in Aug 1999 was shot down by an Indian Air Force fighter jet in a display of naked Indian aggression.

In 1977 six Alouette helicopters were acquired from France leading to the formation of 333 Squadron.In 1982 Fokker F-27 Aircraft were acquired leading to the formation of 27 Squadron.In 1994 three Lynx helicopters were acquired from UK leading to the formation of 222 Squadron.

In 1996 three P3-C Orion aircraft were acquired from United States and were inducted into the 28 Squadron of the naval air arm. The delivery of these Long Range Maritime patrol aircraft had earlier been withheld due to the application of the Pressler Amendment in 1990. One of these planes was lost due to an accident while carrying out routine exercises in own coastal waters on 29 Oct 1999.

 

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SUBMARINE FORCE

The acquisition of an ex-US TENCH class submarine by Pakistan Navy in 1964 was particularly significant, not only because Pakistan became the second country after Indonesia, amongst the Indian Ocean littorals to operate a submarine, but it also brought a new dimension to naval warfare in the Indo-Pakistan context.

The submarine actively participated in Indo Pak 1965 war but was lost in 1971 war while deployed on a mine laying operation off the Indian Coast.

During the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war, three of the four Pakistani submarines(an ex-U.S. Tench class submarine renamed Ghazi and two of the three modem Daphneclass) were involved in combat operations.

At the outbreak of hostilities, Pakistan had been operating submarines for less than ten years and had only been operating the Daphnes for one year, yet the best ASW efforts of the Indian Navy were unable to defeatthe Pakistani Daphne-chss submarines. In fact, no modern diesel submarine has everbeen destroyed by ASW forces.

The Ghazi and one of the Daphne submarines conducted operations in the Bay of Bengal during the first two days of the conflict, 2,000-3,000 nautical miles from their Karachi operating base. The Ghazi, while attempting to mine a harbor off Vishakhapatam apparently struck one of its own mines and sank, but the Daphne, after conducting a refueling operation south of Sri Lanka, attacked the Indian aircraft carrier Vikrant just south of Cox's Bazar, 3,000 nautical miles from Karachi. Although the Daphne's attack was unsuccessful, so was the Indian ASW counter attack.

One week later, Pakistan's other Daphne, operating in the Arabian Sea south of Diu, attacked and sank an Indian ASW frigate that was investigating a reported submarine sighting. Pakistan acquired 4 Daphne and 2 Agosta class submarines from French Navy in early 1970s and late 1970s respectively.

The submarines were modified to fire Harpoon missiles in 1985. The submarine force is the main strength of the PN Fleet. To strengthen it further Agosta 90 B submarine project was undertaken in early 90s.

First of the three submarines PNS/M KHALID has been commissioned and reached Pakistan in 1999. Whereas, the second submarine was commissioned as PNS/M SAAD. The third submarine will be built entirely in the country. In addition Pakistan navy also operates four Italian midget submarines.

Pakistan - Naval History​

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OPERATION DWARKA

Operation Dwarka is one of the most significant events of 1965 Indo-Pak war which reflected courage, determination, professional competence, dedication and coordination of the PN personnel involved in it. The objectives of this operation were:

a. To draw the heavy enemy units out of Bombay for the submarine GHAZI to attack

b. To destroy the radar installation at Dwarka

c. To lower Indian morale

d. To divert Indian Air effort away from the north

On 7 September 1965 when the ships were on their normal war patrol, the following signal was received from Naval Headquarters:

"Task group comprising PNS BABUR, PNS KHAIBAR, PNS BADR, PNS JAHANGIR, PNS ALAMGIR, PNS SHAHJAHAN and PNS TIPU SULTAN is to be in position 239 degrees – 120 miles from Dwarka light house by 071800 E Sep with maximum power available. Task group thereafter to carryout bombardment of Dwarka about midnight using 50 rounds per ship. Force is to retire from bombardment area by 080030 E Sep and return to present patrol area at full speed. One or two enemy frigates may be expected to encounter in the area in addition to enemy air threat"

The Commodore Commanding PN Flotilla accordingly originated his signal at 1835, the salient features of which were:

a. The initial position for attack was 206 degrees Dwarka light 6 miles

b. The target was to be city installations and conspicuous chimney

c. Complete radio silence was to be maintained except for guarding air warning radar.

The Fleet immediately topped up fuel and shaped course for Dwarka operation. At midnight the ships were on Initial Position (IP) with all their guns loaded and the men ready to strike a historic punch on enemy's face. The city of Dwarka was completely blacked out and target could only be identified on radar.

At 0024 bombardment was ordered to commence when ships were 5.5 to 6.3 miles from Dwarka light. It took only four minutes to complete the bombardment, firing altogether about 350 rounds on the target. Upon successful completion of the attack the ships retired immediately without any loss or damages. There was no considerable resistance from the enemy and the ships safely arrived at their patrol area by 0635 on 8 Sep.

 

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SINKING OF KHUKRI

During 1971 Indo-Pak war, the burden of Pakistan Navy's offensive effort hinged on the small but effective submarine force. PN Submarine HANGOR sailed in the early hours of 22 November 1971 to patrol off the Indian Kathiawar coast under the command of Commander Ahmed Tasnim S.J.

On 9 Dec, in an effort to locate the evasive enemy, HANGOR extended her patrol northward to investigate some radio transmissions intercepted on her sensors. Two contacts were picked up on passive sonar and were identified as warships. The initial range was 6 to 8 miles. A pursuit of the enemy began but the first attempt to attack these ships failed due to speed disadvantage.

The submarine however managed to forecast target ships movement and succeeded in taking up a tactically advantageous position on the path of the patrolling frigates by 1900. At 1957 the submarine fired a down the throat shot with a homing torpedo at the northerly ship from a depth of 40 meters.

The torpedo was tracked but no explosion was heard. The second torpedo was therefore fired immediately on the incomming southerly ship and this was followed by a tremendous explosion. The torpedo had found its mark. The other enemy frigate came straight for the submarine when a third torpedo was fired. A distant explosion was heard subsequently and the submarine turned west towards deeper waters for evasion.

In this spectacular action, INS KHUKRI, the ship of the Squadron Commander of Indian 14th Frigate Sqn was sunk within two minutes after receiving a hit in the magazine where explosives were held. 18 Officers and 176 sailors including the Commanding Officer lost their lives. This came as a shattering blow to the Indian Navy.

HANGOR's action demonstrated Pakistan Navy's tactical superiority in sub-surface warfare and after the war even the BBC commentators praised Pakistan Naval effort. Considering the shape, size and age of the ships at its command, they said that the Pakistan Navy had acquitted itself well against the Indian Navy.

Pakistan - Naval History​

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HISTORY OF PAKISTAN NAVY

Today is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The Dominion of Pakistan has come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am proud to have been appointed to command it and serve with you at this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient force

—Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, addressing the Naval Academy in March 1948.,

The Pakistan Navy came into existence on the Fourteenth of August, 1947 with the establishment of the State of Pakistan.[7] The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) divided the Royal Indian Navy between India and Pakistan.

The Royal Pakistan Navy secured two sloops, twofrigates, four minesweepers, two naval trawlers, four harbour launches and some 358 personnel (180 officers and 34 ratings). Because of the high percentage of delta areas on its coast, Pakistan also received a number of harbour defence motor launches.

As part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the prefix “Royal” was used until the state was proclaimed a republic in 1956. The Navy endured a difficult history, only 200 officers and 3000 sailors were inherited to the Navy, the most senior being Commodore HMS Chaudhry.

The Navy suffered perennial problems with inadequate staff, lack of operational bases, and poor technological and personnel resources. It was also the smallest branch of the armed forces in terms of technical staff, equipment, and officers, as compared to the army and air force. Despite these difficulties, the Navy faced the challenges, and launched a high profile recruitment program for the young nation, starting in East-Pakistan. When it proved difficult to sustain the program in East Pakistan, the Navy shifted its focus to West Pakistan.

The beginning

Frigate Shamsher in 1951

The Pakistan Navy saw no action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, as all fighting was restricted to land. However, Commodore Sidik Chaudhry took part in operational planning,[citation needed] and the Navy evacuated Pakistani nationals from disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates operating continuously.Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford, Chief of Naval Staff, had created a “Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)” to work up the frigates and naval defences.

In 1948, the directorate-general for Naval Intelligence (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under Commander Syed Mohammad Ahsan, who served as its first Director-General, in Karachi. When the 1947 war came to an end, the Navy began expanding its facilities and bases, establishing a headquarters in Karachi. In 1949 it acquired its first O Class destroyer from the Royal Navy.

The operational history of the Pakistan Navy began in 1949 with the Royal Navy‘s donation of two battle destroyers, the PNS Tippu Sultan andPNS Tariq. The Tippu Sultan was commissioned on 30 September 1949, under Commander P.S. Evans, whilst the Tariq was placed under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Afzal Rahman Khan. The two destroyers formed the 25th Destroyer Squadron.

The PNS Jhelum and PNSTughril, under Commander Muzaffar Hasan, also joined the Royal Pakistan Navy.

In 1950, the Navy underwent extensive nationalization and consolidation programs, in which large numbers of native officers were promoted. Dockyard, logistics, and engineering services were formed, and vigorous efforts were made to integrate the navy presence in East-Pakistan into a full development plan for the navy, thereby creating opportunities for people in East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up.

During this period, certain key positions in Naval Combatant Headquarters (NHQ) were given to native officers, in place of Royal Navy officers.[citation needed]Commander Khalid Jamil was appointed as the navy’s first Pakistani Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS), while Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford served as first chief of naval staff until 1953.[citation needed] Jefford was assisted by Deputy Chief of Staff Commander M. A. Alavi, whilst other administrative positions were redesigned and created by the Pakistan Government.

In the mid-1950s, the Ministry of Financeawarded contracts to the Pakistan Army‘s Corps of Engineers for the construction of NHQ in Karachi and the Karachi Naval Dockyard. During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy’s combatant ships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the Royal Navy. Pakistan Navy ships cruised and visited ports worldwide with the Royal Navy.

In 1950, Commodore Chaudhry took command of PNS Shamsheer; in 1953 he became the navy’s first Pakistani chief of naval staff, handing over command of the 25th Destroyer Squadron to Captain Romould Nalecz Tyminski, the first Polish officer to serve in the Pakistan Navy.




PNS Badr, a destroyer visitingBritain, 1957.

In 1956, the Parliament of Pakistan unanimously passed the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan and proclaimed the State of Pakistan as an Islamic Republic under the new constitution.

The prefix Royalwas dropped, and the service was re-designated the Pakistan Navy, or “PN”. The PN Jack and Pakistan flag replaced the Queen’s colour and the White Ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air force to Army, Navy, Air Force.

In February 1956, the British government announced the transfer of several major surface combat ships to Pakistan. These warships − a cruiser and four destroyers − were purchased with funds made available under the US Military Assistance Program.

The acquisition of a few additional warships from 1956 to 1963 – two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers, and an oiler − was the direct result of Pakistan’s participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts SEATO and CENTO. During this time the Navy made an effort to acquire its first submarine, but the attempts were rebuffed as the political situation in Pakistan worsened in the 1950s.

History Of Pakistan Navy

Today is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The Dominion of Pakistan has come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am prou…

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Indo-Pakistan war of 1965

The Navy was well-prepared when, following the 1965 Kashmir incursion, war again erupted between Pakistan and India. Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan ordered all units of the Pakistan Navy to take up defensive positions off the coast, but did not order any offensive operations in the Bay of Bengal. As the Indian Air Force‘s repeated sorties and raids disrupted PAF operations, the Navy assumed a more aggressive role in the conflict.

On 2 September, the Navy deployed its first long-range submarine, the PNS Ghazi, which was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements. The flagship submarine of Pakistan, was directed by Commander Karamat Rahman Niazi (later a four-star admiral). In addition to engaging Indian frigates, missiles boats, or corvettes, Ghazi was also tasked with diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.[citation needed]


The submarine PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. Pakistan suffered the loss of the long-range submarine (as well as 100 personnel) in 1971, when it was sunk under mysterious circumstances.

On the night of 7/8 September, a Pakistani squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar, launched Operation Dwarka, an attack on radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town ofDwarka.[citation needed] The ensuing bombardment failed to damage the radar installation, and no casualties were reported, but the daring surprise raid – and the Indian Navy’s failure to take any counter-action – was a welcomed symbolic victory for Pakistan. The destroyer squadron quickly withdrew 100 miles from Dwarka.[citation needed]

Ghazi was deployed against the Indian Navy’s western fleet at Bombay (Mumbai). On 22 September, after two weeks of chasing down sonar contacts, the submarine caught up with the roaming frigate INSKuthar, and fired four homing torpedoes. Two hits were claimed, but the Indian warship didn’t sink. On 23 September, Ghazi ended her operations and proceeded to Karachi Naval Dockyard.[citation needed]

Operation Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of the Pakistan Navy. It had also alerted Indian commanders to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own naval shortcomings.[10] After the war, the Indian Navy began a comprehensive program of modernization and procurement of naval systems, which the Pakistan Navy failed to counter. The operational capacity of the Pakistan Navy was limited, and decreased as compared to the Indian Navy in the 1965–70 period.

The Pakistanis did, however, acquire three Daphné class submarine from France, while operating Tench class submarine from the United States, and established the Naval special forces in 1966. The Navy also attempted to establish a naval air service, composed of fighter jets, but this proved impossible due to budgetary constraints and the opposition of the Air Force, which was reluctant to risk and lose its aircraft in open-sea operations.

Indifference toward naval affairs by then-President General Ayub Khan further deteriorated and jeopardized the operational scope of the Navy. In 1970, General Yahya Khan began a series of reforms which increased the Navy’s role in national defense.

Indo-Pakistan war of 1971

Main articles: Operation Barisal, Operation Jackpot and Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971
The Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and lacked capacity for conducting offensive operations in theBay of Bengal.[citation needed] The fleet was almost entirely deployed in (West) Pakistan. In East Pakistan, the Navy deployed the Naval Special Service Group and the entire formation of Pakistan Marines (PM), initially charged with conducting expeditionary operations.[citation needed] The city of Karachi, the hub of Pakistan’s maritime trade, housed the combatant headquarters of the Pakistan Navy. Although proposals were made to increased the naval presence in East Pakistan, no serious reforms were made.

On 15 March 1971, the Navy special forces launched a counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operation codenamed Operation Jackpot, and in April followed it up with a full-scale offensive codenamed Operation Barisal. This was followed by the deployment of PNS Ghazi East Pakistan, initially for the purpose of gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements.

At then end of East-Pakistan crisis…. We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night….

—Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971, .

PNS Nazim which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Warswith the USN

In 1969, former Commander of the Navy Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan was sent to East Pakistan, and became overall commander of Pakistani armed forces there. Under his direction, the navy’s presence in East Pakistan was tripled. Command-size naval assets were expanded, with an administrative unit operating in East Pakistan.

The Eastern Naval Command posed a significant threat to the Indian Navy’s counterpart Eastern Naval Command. Therefore, the Indian Navy launched an operation (somewhat confusingly, also codenamed ‘Jackpot’), to disrupt the Eastern High Command and threaten its existence in the Eastern wing. With East Pakistan having been surrounded on all three landward sides by the Indian Army, the PN was attempting to prevent India from blocking the coast as well.

On 4 December, the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, Operation Trident, consisting of 3 OSA class missile boats escorted by two anti-submarine patrol vessels. Nearing Karachi’s port area, they launchedSS-N-2 Styx anti-ship missiles, which the obsolescent Pakistani naval ships had no viable defense against. PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khyber were both sunk, while PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair. It was a stunning victory for India, with no damage to their navy’s attacking squadron.

On 8 December 1971, the Hangor, a Daphné class submarine, sank the Indian frigate INS Khukri off the coast of Gujarat, India. This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since World War II, and resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian navy. The same submarine also severely damaged another warship, INS Kirpan. Attempts were made by Pakistan to counter the Indian missile boat threat by carrying out bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats. The Indian Navy retaliated with an attack on the Pakistani coast, named Operation Python, on the night of 8 December 1971.

A small group of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi. The Indian ships sank the Panamian vessel Gulf Star, while the Pakistan Navy’s PNS Dacca and the British ship SS Harmattan were damaged. Python was a complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability. Civilian pilots from Pakistan International Airlines volunteered to conduct surveillance missions with the PAF, but this proved less than helpful when they misidentified a Pakistan Navy frigate, PNS Zulfikar, as an Indian missile boat.

PAF planes made several attack runs before finally identifying the Zulfikar. The friendly attack resulted in further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which was severely damaged. The Pakistan Navy’s operational capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted. Indian Navy observers noted that the “PAF pilots failed to recognize the difference between a large PNS Zulfikar frigate and a small Osa missile boat.”. After the friendly attack, all naval surface operations came to a halt under the orders of chief of naval staff.

The Navy only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances. Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time. The Indian Navy claims to have sank the submarine.The submarine’s destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan. According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.

The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on the PN stood at seven gunboats, one minesweeper, two destroyers, three patrol crafts belonging to the Pakistan Coast Guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi and ten smaller vessels were captured. Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dhaka. The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors and a frigate, while another frigate was damaged and a Breguet Alizé naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force. According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.

Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end. The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command’s failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military in general, in East Pakistan.[citation needed] Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.

Cold war operations

See also: Operation Umeed-e-Nuh, Operation United Shield, Operation Parakram and Soviet war in Afghanistan Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan’s sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.