Iran’s ailing supreme leader resorts to his only playbook as crises mount and protests erupt​

By
Mostafa Salem
Updated Dec 31, 2025





Iranians protest over soaring prices
2:22
Hundreds of women lined up for a marathon on Iran’s resort island of Kish in early December wearing matching shirts and leggings with hair tied loosely behind their backs.

In a country where ignoring dress codes could land you hefty fines and prison sentences, the runners turned their focus on the course ahead, ignoring government directives and the complimentary headscarf placed by the race organizers in the marathon starter pack, in anticipation of violations.

In October, a band played the “Seven Nation Army” riff to a headbanging crowd on the streets of the Iranian capital Tehran in a viral moment on social media reposted by the American guitarist behind the White Stripes hit, Jack White.

This week, shopkeepers, bazaar merchants and students took to the streets in several Iranian cities, chanting anti-regime slogans over their inability to pay rent after the currency hit record lows. The protests were the largest since a 2022 nationwide uprising sparked by the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in police custody after she was arrested for allegedly wearing her headscarf improperly.


The US State Department said in a post on X that it was concerned about reports that protesters were facing “intimidation, violence, and arrests” and called on the authorities to end the crackdown.

“First the bazaars. Then the students. Now the whole country. Iranians are united. Different lives, one demand: respect our voices and our rights,” the State Department said in a post on its Farsi account on X.

Despite being so far limited, the protests mark the latest chapter in growing discontent in Iran while a population quietly reclaims public spaces and personal freedoms through uncoordinated acts of defiance. The Islamic theocratic regime – long opposed to Western cultural influence – appears to be overlooking the growing civil disobedience to focus on its own survival.


People walk past a display sign at a currency exchange bureau as the value of the Iranian rial drops, in Tehran, Iran, December 20, 2025.
Majid Asgaripour/Wana News Agency/Reuters
At the helm is Iran’s ailing 86-year-old Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who spent decades trying to fortify his regime from domestic and foreign threats, but must now contend with a failing strategy. Domestically, a frustrated youth are showing unprecedented defiance of Islamic norms, the national currency has plummeted to record lows, Iranian cities are running dry and protests are beginning to emerge. Outside its borders, its arch-enemy Israel continues lobbying the United States over further military action against the Islamic Republic.

With limited options, Khamenei is now adopting a cautious waiting game, avoiding major decisions and drastic strategies despite the mounting domestic challenges.


“Many observers relay a sense of no one being at home; no one making any big decisions, or rather that Khamenei is not permitting any real decisions,” Mohammad Ali Shabani, editor of Amwaj.media, a London-based news site focusing on Iran, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula countries, told CNN.


“Right now, whatever decision Khamenei may make will likely feature a significant downside, so it seems as if he’s sitting out any major decision,” he said.

The Supreme Leader, or “Vali-ye Faqih” – a significant title granting its holder ultimate authority over all state and religious affairs – was reportedly incommunicado and confined to a secure underground bunker for his own safety during a 12-day war with Israel in June, a conflict that caught Tehran off guard despite decades of preparation.


Khamenei emerged after the conflict with a weakened military, a heavily damaged nuclear program, and a population rapidly losing faith in the 36-year-old policies of the once-revolutionary leader.

In the months that followed, Iran’s struggling population watched their nation grow increasingly dysfunctional with mounting crises. Persistent electricity blackouts, record inflation and soaring unemployment have left citizens disillusioned by their powerless leadership.

Smog fills Iran’s skies after the government, desperate to keep power on this winter, switched to cheaper, lower-quality fuel, that’s dirtier than natural gas.


Iranian women perform a prayer for rainfall at the Saleh Shrine in Tehran on November 14, 2025, as the country suffers from severe water shortages.
AFP/Getty Images
Twenty provinces across Iran suffered this year through the country’s worst drought in more than 40 years. A mismanaged water crisis that has become so dire that President Masoud Pezeshkian has openly proposed the idea of residents evacuating Tehran to ease the massive strain on the capital’s dwindling supplies.

Economically, the country suffers as inflation soars. The rial hit historic lows this month triggering protests by shopkeepers as basic necessities spiral out of reach. Years of heavy money printing has devalued the currency so dramatically that the government’s latest budget ran into the quadrillions of rials.


Iran’s once cunning and innovative foreign policy has ground to a halt, with no diplomatic breakthrough in sight as Western powers tighten the screws through relentless sanctions. The Revolutionary Guard’s network of militant proxies, long a cornerstone of Iran’s regional influence and deterrence, is badly weakened amid near-daily targeting from Israel, and a key territorial advantage was lost when Syrian rebels overthrew the Iran-aligned Assad dynasty last year.

Weathering the pressure​

The Islamic Republic of Iran has long been accustomed to crises and relentless pressure. Soon after the 1979 revolution the country became locked into an eight-year brutal war with Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, but it endured that conflict with fierce determination and ultimately survived.

Inheriting a nation that was wrecked and regionally isolated by war, a younger Khamenei faced the daunting task of resurrecting his fractured economy and society. He had to manage internal dissent and rivalries within Iran’s complex clerical circles, confront unyielding international economic pressures, all while preserving the revolutionary ideals of sovereignty and independence.


People wear masks on the street during daily life as air pollution continues to negatively impact life in Tehran, Iran on November 27, 2025.
Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu/Getty Images
As Iran’s current mounting crises deepen in the aftermath of yet another war and the country’s political elite engage in a bitter blame game, the older Supreme Leader watches on, sticking rigidly to his familiar playbook: churning out missiles and drones, scrambling to rebuild battered regional proxies, and refusing Western preconditions for negotiations.

“Everybody in Iran wants change. The hardliners want a return to the past, the reformists a shift to the future and many moderates want any change. Nobody is happy with the status quo,” said Shabani, of Amwaj.media.


Khamenei had spent decades loyally consolidating the Islamic Revolution across all levels of Iranian society such that his inevitable end, whether by death or overthrow, will mark a monumental moment, one that could profoundly alter Iran’s trajectory, depending on who comes after him.

“Undoubtedly his departure from the scene would be the most pivotal moment in the history of the Islamic Republic … and there would be an opportunity in changing Iran’s geostrategic direction, but it depends on who and what comes after Khamenei,” Ali Vaez, director of the Iran Project at the International Crisis Group, said.

It remains unclear whether the establishment is set on a successor to the Supreme Leader. Analysts cite potential candidates like Mojtaba Khamenei, his son and a cleric with influence, or Hassan Khomeini, grandson of the 1979 Revolution’s founder.

“The outside world has very little influence on who would come next, and it really depends on the internal dynamics and the balance of power between internal forces,” Vaez said.


“Equally important is whether the West will provide the new leadership in Iran with a way out…if the West is to be prepared to capitalize on that moment of change in Iran it needs to start thinking about that as of now,” Vaez said.


US President Donald Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hold hands during a press conference Monday after meeting at Trump’s Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.
Jonathan Ernst/Reuters

‘Job unfinished’​

Amid protests, civil disobedience and the simultaneous convergence of disasters, Khamenei now faces another external threat with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who flew to the US this week to press President Donald Trump on taking more aggressive action, sounding the alarm on Iran’s ballistic missile program.


Trump had repeatedly declared Iran’s nuclear program destroyed, politically closing the nuclear file and removing Israel’s most powerful historical justification for US support for war with Iran, Sina Toossi, a senior non-resident fellow at the Center for International policy said.

“Netanyahu’s pivot to missiles should therefore be read not as the discovery of a new threat, but as an effort to manufacture a replacement casus belli after the nuclear argument collapsed” Toossi said.

“I hear that Iran is trying to build up again, and if they are, we’re going to have to knock them down,” Trump said after meeting Netanyahu, adding, “We’ll knock the hell out of them.”

NEW YORK — Zohran Mamdani defied the odds, defeating former New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo on Tuesday night and becoming mayor in an election that saw 2 million voters cast ballots.

Just months ago, when Mamdani entered the race, he was polling in the single digits and few believed he could defeat Cuomo.

In the end, Mamdani defeated him twice.

And in a year when Democrats have largely been floundering, Mamdani electrified the party and managed to draw new voters to the polls too.

So why did he win so decisively?

Here are five reasons:

Affordability trumped all​

While Cuomo focused his primary campaign on issues like crime and safety, Mamdani homed in on affordability in a city that has long been viewed as way too expensive. And his campaign ran so hard on that issue, it became synonymous with his campaign from start to finish.

At campaign rallies, Mamdani frequently stood in front of signs reading, “A City We Can Afford.” A visit to his website also plainly states that Mamdani is “running for Mayor to lower the cost of living for working class New Yorkers.” His supporters also carried placards reading “Build Affordable Housing” and “Childcare for all.”

Morris Katz, who served as a strategist for the Mamdani campaign, told The Hill in an interview that the broader narrative for Mamdani’s campaign was “Life doesn’t have to be this hard. New York can be more affordable and it’s government’s job to deliver that.”

His message was consistent​

In the aftermath of last year’s elections, Democrats have spent a considerable amount of time thinking about messaging. One of the criticisms of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 presidential campaign and Kamala Harris’s 2024 presidential campaign was that voters couldn’t figure out what each candidate stood for and what rationale they had for running.

Mamdani never had that problem.

“When you have Trump voters supporting a democratic socialist, you are communicating something pretty clearly and consistently,” said Democratic strategist Eddie Vale.

“If you watch Zohran’s launch video, and then you watch the first ad of the primary campaign and then if you look at our messaging in the general, it has been the same campaign the entire campaign,” Katz told The Hill.

Experience didn’t matter​

Cuomo spent a lot of time touting his own experience as New York governor and his familiarity with the levers of power on a local and national level.

Even in his final ad in the election, he underscored his executive experience while also highlighting Mamdani’s inexperience.

This is to track developments in Indian economy. To begin with: