[🇧🇩] Save the Rivers/Forests/Hills-----Save the Environment

[Saif]

Climate change victim: Went abroad to make fortune, ended up poorer

Many fall victim to fraud and forced labour, and find no way but returning home in an even more destitute state.

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Climate change victim: Went abroad to make fortune, ended up poorer
Mohiuddin
Dhaka
Published: 01 Apr 2025, 21: 54

A significant number of people from Shyamnagar upazila in Satkhira are being forced to leave their homes near the Sundarbans due to river erosion, cyclones, and tidal surges every year. Some of them shift to other parts of the country, while others sell their land and property and take loans to search for their fortune abroad.

However, many fall victim to fraud and forced labour, and find no way but returning home in an even more destitute state.

One such individual is Abdullah Rubel of Padmapukur union in Shyamnagar. He used to make ends meet for his family from a shrimp enclosure. Repeated natural disasters devastated his business and prompted him to find fortune abroad. In 2019, he mortgaged the farm and took out a loan to travel to Brunei.

He faced an even worse situation in Brunei as he failed to secure any job there. With no option in hand, he took a job in a Bangladeshi household in exchange for food and shelter, with no wages. After surviving there for nine months, he borrowed money, bought a ticket, and returned home, along with the burden of debt and uncertainty.

While talking to Prothom Alo, he shared that he lost everything after going abroad at a cost of Tk 500,000. Failing to repay the mortgage money and reclaim his lone earning source, the shrimp enclosure, he now does seasonal jobs to earn bread and butter for his family.

According to individuals concerned, climate change victims from not only Satkhira but also some other districts are leaving their homes in search of financial stability.

A recent study – titled “Exposed and exploited: Climate change, migration, and modern slavery in Bangladesh” – also underscored the growing trend of forced migration due to environmental disasters.

The study, conducted by Ovibashi Karmi Unnayan Program (OKUP) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), surveyed 648 families across 33 villages in climate-affected regions of Mathbaria in Pirojpur and Gowainghat in Sylhet. It found that 70.06 per cent of families have at least one member who migrated.

Debt trap and modern slavery

The study revealed that migrants often feel helpless and are forced to join any jobs due to the pressure to repay their loans. Some others accept ‘inhumane’ workloads out of their desire to make a fortune for their family. Eventually, they fall prey to modern slavery.

The research found different aspects of modern slavery in the examined cases, including low to no wage, mental and physical abuse, and movement restrictions. A staggering 99 per cent of workers experienced at least one form of slavery, while 81 per cent went through five or more indicators of modern slavery.

Migrants from Mathbaria in Pirojpur spent an average of Tk 461,220 to go abroad. Among them, 25 per cent sold their land, while 18 per cent took high-interest loans.

According to the expatriates' welfare and overseas employment ministry, the number of Bangladeshi workers going abroad has increased significantly since 2022, as more than 100,000 workers left the country each month for two consecutive years. The number declined slightly last year, around 80,000 workers still migrated monthly.

However, many of them return after being cheated or failing to secure jobs abroad.

There is no official data on returnee migrants, except for those irregular migrants who are detained abroad and returned home with an outpass or temporary travel permit. In the previous year, over 80,000 such workers returned home from abroad.

From poverty to greater poverty

In 2018, Hasan Gazi, a resident of Shyamnagar, took a loan of Tk 550,000 from his relatives to migrate to Kuwait via India. While he was abroad, his village home was washed away in floods.

After working in Kuwait for four years, he was detained by the police and deported. In conversation with Prothom Alo, he said his family fell under financial pressure due to damages to the home in repeated floods and cyclones. Migrating abroad brought no benefit to them. Now, he drives an auto-rickshaw in Keraniganj and lives in a garage.

The BRAC migration programme, which supports returning migrant workers, said some 250 to 300 migrant workers return empty-handed every day. Many arrive in poor condition, without money, and even struggle to reach their villages. The organisation provides them with Tk 1,000 as travel expenses.

There are various government and private initiatives to send workers abroad, but nothing for the returnees. Some projects were undertaken after the Covid-19 pandemic, but those yielded no significant results. Also, there are no separate programmes for climate refugees who fall prey to fraudulent migration schemes.

OKUP chairperson Shakirul Islam noted that many people are being forced to migrate due to climate change, only to be deceived and return home even poorer.

“The developed countries must take their responsibilities, as the liabilities of climate change-induced disasters lie with them, not Bangladesh. The Bangladesh government should also take initiatives,” he added.​

 

[Saif]

Community-based solutions needed to tackle plastic pollution

If we want to build a green and clean country and sustainable future for the coming generations, we have to do it now

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Community-based solutions needed to tackle plastic pollution
Parvez Uddin Chowdhury
Published: 08 Apr 2025, 14: 20

Thin plastic waste on the roadside in Chittagong city Parvez Uddin Chowdhury

The increasing plastic debris around us is becoming so pervasive that it needs our collective attention. Plastic waste invasion is everywhere. Just look around you, you will see it. Yet most of us are not bothered.

Tackling plastic pollution is a global challenge. Many countries all over the world are still struggling to handle it. But there is no room for complacency. We are one of the top countries that mismanage plastic waste.

Plastic debris is chocking our surroundings, but we keep ignoring it. It hardly finds place in our public discourse. It is surprising that still we are not collectively recognising the growing scourge of mismanaged thin plastic waste in our country.

Increasingly our cities, towns, canals, rivers and countryside are dying and communities are becoming disheartened and unlivable because of irresponsible disposal of plastic debris, especially thin grocery bags, plastic wrap, disposable cutlery, straws, coffee-cup lids, used diapers, etc. All the plastic garbage we now see in the drains and roadside will soon end up being in the rivers and sea when the rains start.

The impact of this pollution on the ecosystems, environment, climate and human health is growing alarmingly and so is the production and use of it. A study published last year revealed that we generate approximately 87,000 tons of single-use plastics annually, with 96% of it discarded as waste. Globally, we produce around 400 million tons of plastic waste, most of which remains unmanaged, posing a serious threat to our natural environment, human health, ecosystems, and marine life.

Given the rapid urbanization happened in last 15 years, our annual per capital plastic consumption in urban areas tripled to 9 kg in 2020 from 3 kg in 2005. In Dhaka alone, over 25 million polyethylene bags are used and discarded daily.

As one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, we need more young individuals to focus on addressing the challenges of sustainability and escalating climate effects.

In many towns, municipal and domestic waste is consistently discharged into rivers and canals. A prime example is the beach town of Cox’s Bazar, where municipal waste is often seen to be dumped into the River Bakkhali.

Modern facilities have made our life much faster and easy. Single-use plastic may be one of the modern advancements that is cheap and convenient and hence popular worldwide. However, this widespread popularity comes with a heavy environmental cost.

If we want to use this cheap and convenient thing in our daily life, we must take responsibility of proper disposal, recycling and of reducing overall consumption. We are a country of 160 million people in a small piece of land, we cannot afford being irresponsible about plastic debris. Perhaps, one of the best ways to tackle this is to address this issue at our community level.

Almost on every occasion, Syeda Rizwana Hasan, advisor to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and Water Resources, talks about the pollution being caused by single-use plastic. She keeps emphasizing on the urgent and collective action against plastic pollution and keeps encouraging the development of safer alternatives by local entrepreneurs.

In 2002, as plastic items often create blocks in the drainage, we proudly became the first country to ban polythene bags and single-use plastics. However, despite this pioneering move, the law was poorly implemented and failed to bring significant change.

Last year, the interim government renewed efforts to tackle this problem by once again enforcing the ban on single-use plastics, beginning with plastic grocery bags. Unfortunately, this initiative has faced similar challenges.

For a healthy living and sustainable future, there is no way but to find out ways to mitigate it. While it's understandable that our waste management facilities are inadequate, this cannot be an excuse to turn our whole country into a plastic wasteland. It's not feasible for the government to manage plastic pollution in every community. Instead, we need stronger communities that are inspired to act and address this issue in their respective area.

While the responsibility of establishing better waste management facilities falls on government and non-govt organisations, tackling environmental challenges requires collective efforts. In fact, greater public engagement is needed to address this crisis and make a lasting impact.

Community-based solutions are inherently sustainable. When people collectively become responsible for the cleanliness and pollution in our communities, change will be inevitable. For that, we need to build collective awareness and community consensus. In every community, we need a group of young and active climate enthusiasts who will raise their voice and bring up this issue in every community program. They will set agendas, promote alternatives and raise awareness, and take concrete actions to ensure proper disposal and cleanliness.

When young people become united, change is always possible. As one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, we need more young individuals to focus on addressing the challenges of sustainability and escalating climate effects. With the expected growth of green jobs in the future, this focus will also benefit our youth by providing valuable career opportunities.

We are investing a lot of our public energy into day-to-day political affairs in the country. Some of our public energy should be invested on social and environmental issues like plastic pollution. Change takes time, sometimes it takes a generation. If we want to build a green and clean country and sustainable future for the coming generations, we have to do it now.

* Parvez Uddin Chowdhury is a development worker, writer and climate enthusiast.​

 

[Saif]

How dangers intensify due to garbage burning in Dhaka

Visiting Aminbazar, the outskirt of Dhaka early morning on 6 April, it was found that fire was burning at least 20 different spots of a landfill managed by Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). The smoke was rising into the sky.

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How dangers intensify due to garbage burning in Dhaka
Mostafa Yousuf &
SamsuzzamanDhaka and Savar
Published: 10 Apr 2025, 08: 13

Visiting Aminbazar, the outskirt of Dhaka early morning on 6 April, it was found that fire was burning at least 20 different spots of a landfill managed by Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). The smoke was rising into the sky. Prothom Alo

Visiting Aminbazar, the outskirt of Dhaka early morning on 6 April, it was found that fire was burning at least 20 different spots of a landfill managed by Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). The smoke was rising into the sky.

This has become a daily picture. An Ansar member, responsible for security at the Aminbazar landfill, speaking to Prothom Alo on condition of anonymity said, “Those responsible for waste management are the ones who set the fires. Each day, they set fire in a different area.”

A similar scene was observed at the Matuail landfill on the same day. Apart from these two major sites, waste was seen being burned in several locations across Dhaka and along different points of the Dhaka-Aricha highway over the past two days.

People involved in and working at the landfills said that waste is burned to reduce its volume. Plastic waste, when burned, turns to ash, thereby reducing the size of the pile. Furthermore, in an effort to avoid the hassle of transporting waste from within the city to distant locations, it is alleged that cleaners often opt to burn it on-site. However, the city corporations deny such allegations, asserting instead that fires result in from methane gas emissions at the landfills.

The burning of waste exacerbates Dhaka’s already poor air quality. According to Swiss-based IQAir’s Global Air Quality Report 2024, Bangladesh ranked second in the world for worst air pollution in 2024, while Dhaka ranked third among the most polluted cities globally. The World Bank’s ‘Clearing the Air: Addressing Bangladesh’s Air Pollution Crisis’ published in November 2024 states that 11 per cent of Dhaka’s air pollution can be attributed to the open burning of waste.

Despite years of unchecked waste burning, neither of Dhaka’s two city corporations nor the department of environment has taken substantial measures to address the issue.

During a recent visit to the Matuail sanitary landfill on Saturday, environment adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan instructed that no waste should be burned at any site. Speaking to the media, she emphasised that burning waste at Matuail or any other location is strictly prohibited.

Nonetheless, the situation remains unchanged. When contacted on Monday, the adviser told Prothom Alo, “Unless waste management is handled effectively, it will be extremely difficult to protect Dhaka residents from the harmful effects of air pollution. Government agencies must assume greater responsibility. We intend to initiate a campaign against waste burning in the very near future.”

On-site visits at Aminbazar and Matuail

At approximately 7:00am on Sunday and 6:30am on Monday, fires were visibly burning at various points within the Aminbazar landfill. When journalists attempted to enter the premises on Sunday, they were stopped by Ansar members, who claimed that entry was not allowed without prior permission from the DNCC.

However, the smoke plumes were clearly visible from outside, with some flames detectable from a distance. Observers also noted individuals deliberately adding plastic materials to the fire to ensure complete combustion.

A man named Masud Sheikh, responsible for logging truck entries, refused to answer questions regarding the number of trucks entering daily or the reason behind the fires, citing lack of authorisation to speak.

According to DNCC sources, the Aminbazar landfill covers approximately 52 acres, with the accumulated waste forming piles up to 90 feet high.

A project to generate electricity from the Aminbazar landfill waste has been under discussion for years. It was finally approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) in October 2023, with a proposed budget of Tk 12.72 billion. In November 2023, then mayor Atiqul Islam announced that power generation would commence by 2026.

However, investigations reveal that the project remains in its preliminary stage. Project director and DNCC superintending engineer SM Shafiqur Rahman informed Prothom Alo on Monday that the contracted Chinese firm is currently working on the piling for the project’s main building and road construction is expected to begin soon. The project completion date is set for July 2027.

While travelling from Savar to Aminbazar along the Dhaka-Aricha highway, fires were observed at several roadside garbage dumps. For instance, near the Salehpur Bridge and the Baliarpur Bridge, waste piles were burning.
At the Balliapur bus stand, an electric rickshaw driver named Nannu Mia told Prothom Alo, “All day long, they bring waste from the nearby areas and dump it by the road. Then, they set fire to it themselves.”

On Sunday afternoon in Matuail’s Demra area, thick smoke from burning waste was spreading throughout the surrounding neighbourhoods, causing difficulty to residents in breathing.

The landfill is adjacent to the Mridha Bari residential area, whose residents staged protests and road blockades prior to Eid-ul-Fitr, demanding an end to the suffocating smoke.

Ali, 60, a participant in the protests, told Prothom Alo, “It’s impossible to breathe because of the toxic smoke. The moment we open our windows, the smoke enters. We have to keep our doors and windows shut all day. Despite our protests, the waste burning continues.”

Both Dhaka South City Corporation's Chief Waste Management Officer, Air Commodore Md Mahbubur Rahman Talukdar and DNCC’s Chief Waste Management Officer, Commodore A BM Shamsul Alam, denied allegations of intentional waste burning.

Mahbubur Rahman Talukdar told Prothom Alo, “We do not set these fires. Due to the sun’s heat, methane gas within the landfill ignites naturally and spreads.”

He added that soil will be layered over the waste piles and that arrangements are being made to source soil through canal dredging. Additionally, water is being sprayed and he hopes the fire will be brought under control within the next seven to eight days.

ABM Samsul Alam of DNCC asserted that they are taking measures to ensure that no one deliberately ignites fires to burn waste.

Nevertheless, residents living near the landfills remain unconvinced that methane gas is the sole cause. Md Ali of Matuail’s Mridha Bari pointed out that accidental fires should only occur sporadically or over a few days, not daily and across nearly the entire landfill.

Several locals allege that fires are often set at night so that people do not notice.

Reports suggest that in many areas of Dhaka, after street sweeping in the mornings, garbage piles are formed and then set alight. Such acts are allegedly committed by city corporation cleaners. In addition, local shopkeepers, market staff, small traders and employees of various establishments are known to burn waste.

On Tuesday morning, burning waste was observed in several open spaces beside roads in areas such as East Tejturi Bazar in Farmgate, Karwan Bazaar, the FDC intersection, Moghbazar, Holy Cross College, St John Vianney Hospital and Indira Road. At the FDC intersection, a rickshaw puller named Majnu Mia waiting for passengers said, “City Corporation staff bring waste and then set it on fire. When I leave in the morning, I see waste burning everywhere.”

In March 2021, Stamford University’s Department of Environmental Science, under its Centre for Atmospheric Pollution Studies (CAPS), conducted a study on open waste burning in Dhaka, identifying 23 hotspots.

CAPS Chairman Professor Dr. Ahmad Kamruzzaman Majumder told Prothom Alo that such burning continues in Dhaka’s urban areas. Even during the holy month of Ramadan, he observed waste is being burned near Hatirjheel, Dhanmondi Lake, Dhaka University and the High Court area. Regarding the landfills, he stated that both have long exceeded their waste holding capacities, which is why the practice of burning waste began.
What happens when waste is burned

According to Article 12 of the Air Pollution Control Rules, 2022, it is prohibited to store or burn waste in the open. The rules specify that no waste can be burned on roads or highways. Violation of this regulation is punishable by up to two years imprisonment or a fine of Tk 200,000.

Air quality researchers explain that roadside waste consists mostly of plastic. When burned, it releases toxic substances such as dioxins, furans, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls into the air. Additionally, gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide are produced during combustion.

These toxic emissions contribute significantly to respiratory illnesses, according to Kazi Saifuddin Bennoor, Pulmonologist and Joint Secretary of the Bangladesh Lung Foundation.

He told Prothom Alo, “These gases severely impact the respiratory system. They hinder oxygen intake. Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and interferes with hemoglobin’s oxygen-carrying ability, damaging the kidneys, liver and brain.” He added that fine particulate matter accumulates in the lungs, causing a disease called pneumoconiosis, which eventually hardens the lungs and leads to ILD (Interstitial Lung Disease).

The World Bank’s 2022 report 'Breathing Heavy: New Evidence on Air Pollution and Health in Bangladesh' states that between 78,145 and 88,229 deaths in Bangladesh in 2019 were attributable to air pollution.
Money is being spent, no decline in pollution

According to the department of environment, the government spent at least USD 65 million between 2000 and 2019 on two air pollution control projects, equivalent to roughly Tk 7.20 billion. Additionally, several smaller initiatives have been implemented and another ongoing project has a budget of Tk 27 billion.

Despite these significant expenditures, Dhaka remains among the world’s most polluted cities and its residents continue to suffer the consequences of air pollution.

Armanul Haque, a student of International Relations at the University of Dhaka, told Prothom Alo, “We often hear that polluted air comes into Bangladesh from other countries. But the real question is, what steps have the government taken to address our own domestic sources of air pollution, such as old vehicles, brick kilns, construction work and coal-fired power plants?”​

 

[Krishna with Flute]

Sutang river: Once a lifeline, now a toxic stream

Experts say that due to the pollution, oxygen levels in most parts of the river have dropped to the point where aquatic life can no longer survive.

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Sutang river: Once a lifeline, now a toxic stream
View attachment 15817
Photo: Mintu Deshwara

Once a lifeline for thousands, the Sutang river is now on the deathbed.

Once teeming with fish and other aquatic life, this vital waterway in Habiganj has turned into a toxic stream due to industrial waste.

According to sources, 35 to 40 factories along the riverbank -- producing plastics, food and beverages, textiles, stationery, and ceramics -- discharge untreated industrial waste into the river, contaminating its waters.

View attachment 15818
Photo: Mintu Deshwara

Experts say that due to the pollution, oxygen levels in most parts of the river have dropped to the point where aquatic life can no longer survive.

Tofazzal Sohel, general secretary of Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon (BAPA), Habiganj, said the river is now devoid of fish.

View attachment 15819
Photo: Mintu Deshwara

"On February 22, we cast nets at 12 locations and found almost no aquatic life. The only catch was a few small fish, including a dead one. In several other locations, nets retrieved only garbage, with no signs of live fish, frogs, or even snails and oysters," he said.

The pollution has affected local livelihoods. Fishermen who once depended on the river for chital fish have lost their source of income.

Mahbubul Mia, a fisherman from Sutang village, along with several others, said, "For generations, we made a living from fishing, but those days are gone. I have now switched to driving a rickshaw because the river is dead now."

He blamed the lack of oversight from the relevant authorities and public representatives for the current state of the river.

"The Sutang's water is now black and murky, emitting a strong stench. Not only have fish disappeared from the polluted river, but other aquatic life is also dying," he added.

Joytara Bibi, a farmer from Nurpur village, said she no longer uses the river.

"Due to pollution, the water is unsafe for people, animals, and birds," she said.

Ranjit Paul, a potter from Pal Bari, said the soil has even become unusable for his crafts.

Local trader Subash Das said the stench from the river persists even with doors and windows closed.

He noted that pollution has also disrupted an annual religious event where devotees gathered for a holy bath in the Lakhai section of the river.

"With the water so polluted, it's become impossible to carry on this tradition," he added.

A research team from Habiganj Agricultural University is conducting a study of the river's water quality and aquatic life.

Iftekhar Ahmed Fagun, a lecturer from the Department of Aquatic Resource Management at the university, said laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of microplastics in water and fish samples.

Industrial waste has severely affected the river's physicochemical properties, making it uninhabitable for aquatic organisms.

Preliminary findings show critically low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, high electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) beyond the optimal range for freshwater ecosystems.

No fish or aquatic organisms were found near the Shailjora canal, where industrial waste enters the river.

Md Shakir Ahammed, a lecturer in the Department of Environmental Science and project lead, said further tests are being conducted to determine the presence of heavy metals.

He emphasised the need for stricter regulations on industrial waste disposal to prevent further ecological damage.

Md Ferdous Anwar, director of Department of Environment of Sylhet, told this correspondent that his office had sent an action plan with 8/9 recommendations to headquarters regarding the river.

"If the plan is approved, the river can be saved. We are taking measures to monitor the industries 24 hours," he added.

The Sutang River, a transboundary waterway between Bangladesh and India, spans 82 kilometers and has an average width of 36 meters.

It originates in Tripura, India, and enters Bangladesh through Chunarughat upazila in Habiganj before merging with the Kalni River in Lakhai upazila.​

There is an urgent need to create an ecosystem where the west can be utilized for economic benefits such as wastewater treatment and reuse in industries. Usage of Plastic in road construction, methanol production from bio waste, Gobar gas from animal dungs and uses residue as fertilizers etc. Only that can solve the issue. Nobody would be interested in investing money just for the sake of waste recycling. Attaching economic benefit with it can fast the process of waste recycling.

 

[Saif]

How environment friendly is the new ‘eco-friendly’ plastic bags in the market?

Recently introduced to the market, these biodegradable plastic or polythene bags claim to be eco-friendly and less harmful than traditional polythene.

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How environment friendly is the new ‘eco-friendly’ plastic bags in the market?
Naznin AkhterDhaka
Updated: 10 Apr 2025, 19: 28

The biodegradable polythene bag used at super shop “Swapno” located in the Bashundhara residential area of Dhaka. Prothom Alo

It looks similar to polythene bags but clearly marked as ‘I am not plastic’. Beneath the main message, the text reads- “100 per cent biodegradable, made from plants, made in Bangladesh”.

These white bags were seen in use by customers returning home from the supermarket “Shwapno” located in the Bashundhara residential area of Dhaka ahead of the holy Eid-ul-Fitr.

Recently introduced to the market, these biodegradable plastic or polythene bags claim to be eco-friendly and less harmful than traditional polythene.

The biodegradable plastic bag supplier to Shwapno is Ecospear Private Company Limited. The company has stated that their bags are both biodegradable and compostable, capable of breaking down into soil-enhancing compost.

Their product has reportedly passed the environmental safety tests conducted by the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR). Additionally, it confronts to the voluntary EN 13432 of the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).

However, environmental organisations argue that these bags are still harmful to both the environment and public health. They urge the government to take measures against them. On 15 September last year, environmental organisations met with Syeda Rizwana Hasan, adviser to the interim government’s environment, forest and climate change and the water resources ministries, demanding a ban not only on traditional polythene bags but also on biodegradable plastic bags.

The bags are marked as "I am not plastic. 100 per cent biodegradable, made from plants, made in Bangladesh."Courtesy of Ecospear

What is biodegradable?

Conventional plastics do not easily degrade and persist in soil and water for hundreds of years, eventually breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics. As a solution, biodegradable plastics have been developed. These incorporate specific chemicals alongside natural ingredients such as wheat, corn and cassava starch.

Starting of the usage of the bag

Ecospear Private Limited operates factories in Dhaka’s Diabari and Halishahar, Chattogram. Managing Director Rayhan-ul-Islam told Prothom Alo that their bags are manufactured using German technology and are both biodegradable and compostable, disintegrating into compost within 147 days.

He further noted that he initiated efforts to introduce biodegradable plastic in Bangladesh in 2016 and the product later passed BCSIR’s testing.

In August of the previous year, an agreement was made with Shwapno. However, following the July uprising and the fall of the Awami League government, the project saw a temporary halt.

Just before Eid-ul-Fitr, Shwapno purchased 12 tonnes of bags for distribution across their Dhaka outlets. Since 7 April, these bags have also been available in Shwapno outlets in Chattogram. Agreements with other retailers such as Meena Bazar and the Canteen Stores Department (CSD) are currently underway.

EcoSphere is producing four types of bags suitable for carrying products ranging from one to five kilograms. For items like fish and meat, it offers four types of bags without handles, priced between Tk 1.5 to Tk 4.5, while for other products, it sells four types of bags with handles, ranging from Tk 2.5 to Tk 11.

Items are being packed in these bags. Courtesy of Ecospear

Objections of the environmentalists

Shahriar Hossain, secretary general of the Environment and Social Development Organisation (ESDO), the organisation working on environmental issues, told Prothom Alo that what is being referred to as biodegradable plastic is baseless. This plastic does not degrade (break down into smaller particles) or decompose in any way. Biodegradable plastics contain special types of chemicals (ranging from 18 to 22 types) of which 12 are toxic.

Additionally, they include some natural components. These two elements may be present 50 per cent each. It has been observed that the natural part of the biodegradable plastic bag’s composition or the 50 per cent decomposes. However, the remaining 50 per cent, which contains polymers, does not degrade. Overtime, it breaks into smaller pieces and becomes microplastics and nanoplastics. Plastics never become compostable.

Shahriar Hossain further stated that, this is harmful to the environment; on the other hand, it blends into the soil and water and enters the food chain. Through plants and animals, these harmful substances enter the human body, obstructing blood circulation. This increases the risk of heart disease, damages the stomach and raises the risk of colon cancer.

Additionally, it can enter the body through inhalation from the air and damage the lungs. Therefore, the notion that replacing plastic with biodegradable plastic can protect the environment is a misconception. It cannot be a viable solution. He called upon the government to ban the use of biodegradable plastic bags.

When the issue of customer dissatisfaction regarding the carrying of wet goods without bags was raised, Shahriar Hossain responded that prior to the introduction of polythene bags, there were traditional methods of transporting items such as fish and meat and those practices need to be revived.

Wrapping wet items in newsprint allows the paper to absorb the moisture. In countries such as Vietnam, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and certain parts of India, fish and meat are wrapped in banana leaves and other large leaves and then placed in paper bags for carrying. Paper bags are reusable.

On anonymity condition, a scientific officer from the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) told Prothom Alo on Tuesday that, “The sample of biodegradable plastic bag submitted for testing by the company (Ecospear) was found to be biodegradable and environmentally friendly. That was back in 2018. BCSIR is a research institution and as such, it does not have the authority to grant market approval for any product.”

Meanwhile, officials from BSTI stated that a committee titled ‘Rubber and Plastic’ exists under BCSIR. In 2004, this committee adopted the European standard EN 13432 for biodegradable plastic bags as the national standard of Bangladesh.

When the European standard was subsequently updated, the committee revised the national standard in 2020 accordingly. Under the BDS EN 13432:2020 standard, biodegradable plastic products must pass four tests- biodegradability, disintegration during biological treatment, effect on the biological treatment process and effect on the quality of the resulting compost.

BSTI officials further stated that although some companies in the country have applied to BSTI for approval of biodegradable plastic bags, they have not been able to meet all the required conditions and thus failed to pass. Moreover, obtaining a BSTI licence is not mandatory for biodegradable plastic products.

Therefore, companies such as Ecospear, which are marketing bags for carrying goods, are not required to obtain BSTI approval or a licence for those products. Ecospear complies with the BSTI EN-13432 standard (a voluntary standard). As such, according to the law, there is no restriction on them marketing their products.

What does the law state?

According to Section 6(a) of the Bangladesh Environment Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2002, the production, import and marketing of polythene bags are punishable by a maximum of ten years of rigorous imprisonment or a fine of up to Tk 1 million, or both. Furthermore, under Section 6(b), the sale, display for sale, storage and distribution of polythene bags is punishable by a maximum of six months' imprisonment or a fine of up to Tk 10,000, or both.

Biodegradable plastic bags entered the market well after the enactment of this law.

When asked how a ban on such bags could be enforced under existing legislation, Shahriar Hossain said, “We have informed the government that polythene bags were banned because they are single-use and harmful to both the environment and public health. For the same reasons, biodegradable plastic should also be subject to prohibition.”

When asked about the objections raised by environmentalists, Raihan-ul-Islam, Managing Director of Ecospear stated, “Biodegradable bags are used in two sectors - industrial and household. We are producing bags suitable for household use. Regular plastic takes more than 200 years to decompose. BCSIR conducted tests and found that our bag is decomposed within 147 days. It is entirely environmentally friendly. We are exporting this bag to Germany and North America.”

Raihan-ul-Islam further added, “Paper bags are made by cutting down trees. Is that environmental friendly? Environmentalists often cite over a hundred research papers against biodegradable plastic. However, there are also 150 research papers in favour of it.”

When contacted, Kazi Sumon, Senior Chemist (Chemical and Waste Management) at the Department of Environment told Prothom Alo that without comprehensive testing, it cannot be definitively stated whether biodegradable plastic bags are environmentally friendly.​

 

[Saif]

Govt to adopt localised solutions for sustainable waste management: Rizwana

She said, "The government is eager to adopt sustainable models, but they must be safe, inclusive, and locally relevant."

www.thedailystar.net

Govt to adopt localised solutions for sustainable waste management: Rizwana

Environment Adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan joined a meeting with a high-level Japanese environmental expert delegation at Pani Bhaban in Dhaka today. Photo: PID

Environment Adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan stressed the urgent need for localised waste solutions, proper segregation, and recycling to address Bangladesh's growing pollution challenges.

"Segregation, recycling, and composting must be prioritised before exploring waste-to-energy options," she said, emphasising that environmentally sound technologies must guide future waste management strategies.

She added, "The government is eager to adopt sustainable models, but they must be safe, inclusive, and locally relevant."

Her remarks came during a meeting today with a high-level Japanese environmental expert team led by Yoneda Johichiro, representative director of Chikyu Network Cooperative, held at the Pani Bhaban in Dhaka's Panthapath.

The meeting focused on exploring collaborative efforts in controlling pollution and sustainable waste management.

Highlighting Japan's global reputation for environmental excellence, the adviser welcomed knowledge-sharing and future cooperation.

"We are keen to learn how Japan keeps its environment clean and how you manage waste efficiently," she added.

"Your experience with waste-to-energy solutions is also of interest, though we must remain cautious about their environmental impact," she also said.

Rizwana also pointed out the importance of public trust in environmental initiatives.

"Many people are skeptical of government-led projects due to past shortcomings. Therefore, your proposals must prioritise transparency, an effective collection system, and strong community engagement."

The Japanese delegation expressed a strong interest in working with Bangladesh on pollution control, biodiversity conservation, and modern waste management. Both parties agreed to explore technical cooperation in the near future.​

 

[Saif]

Towards a carbon credit market in Bangladesh

As Bangladesh strives to balance economic growth with environmental protection, its manufacturing industry is at a pivotal moment. Industries that were once major sources of pollution, such as steel manufacturing, are now exploring new ways to reduce their environmental impact. One of the most prom

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Towards a carbon credit market in Bangladesh
M Abu Eusuf
Published :
Apr 16, 2025 23:39
Updated :
Apr 16, 2025 23:39

As Bangladesh strives to balance economic growth with environmental protection, its manufacturing industry is at a pivotal moment. Industries that were once major sources of pollution, such as steel manufacturing, are now exploring new ways to reduce their environmental impact. One of the most promising solutions is the use of carbon credits, which could not only help industries become more sustainable but also open up new financial opportunities that could transform the country's industrial sector.

Carbon credits are a financial tool that allows industries to offset their carbon emissions. In simple terms, for every ton of CO? an industry emits, it can invest in projects that reduce or prevent the release of the same amount of carbon, such as cleaner energy sources. By adopting renewable energy options like solar power, industries can reduce their carbon footprint and generate carbon credits, which they can then sell or trade.

In addition to reducing operating costs, companies that adopt renewable energy can also sell their surplus carbon credits in international markets. This creates a new revenue stream that can help businesses offset the costs of transitioning to cleaner technologies. For industries traditionally dependent on fossil fuels, this transition is not only environmentally responsible but financially advantageous.

Beyond the financial gains, embracing carbon credits can also improve a company's Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) profile. As global investors increasingly prioritise sustainability, Bangladeshi companies that invest in reducing their carbon footprint are likely to attract more foreign investment and strategic partnerships. This could further fuel the growth of industries and the wider economy.

For Bangladesh, a country committed to reducing its carbon emissions as part of the Paris Agreement, carbon credit trading is a crucial step. Many energy-intensive industries, such as steel, cement, and textiles, have historically relied on fossil fuels. However, by investing in solar power, these industries can cut down their emissions and create an additional revenue stream by selling excess energy or carbon credits.

One example is GPH Ispat, a major steel manufacturer in Bangladesh. By integrating solar power into its operations, GPH has reduced emissions. However, to materialise the benefits in the form of carbon credit trading, a proper carbon credit market needs to exist in the first place.

While solar energy is an element of decarbonisation efforts, new technologies such as the Quantum Electric Arc Furnace offer even greater potential. These next-generation furnaces are designed to be more energy-efficient and produce fewer emissions. However, their usability in the Bangladesh context needs to be properly analysed.

To establish a carbon credit market in Bangladesh, several prerequisites must be met. First, an appropriate regulatory framework is essential to define carbon credit standards, verification mechanisms, and compliance rules. Second, a robust monitoring, reporting, and verification system is needed to ensure transparency and credibility. Third, institutional capacity must be developed to manage and facilitate carbon credit transactions. Fourth, a digital trading platform should be introduced to streamline buying and selling. In addition, financial incentives and policy support are crucial to encourage industry participation. Finally, public-private partnerships can drive investment and innovation, making carbon trading viable and effective.

Embracing carbon credit trading is not only an environmental imperative but also a strategic economic opportunity. By leveraging this mechanism, Bangladesh can enhance its global competitiveness, attract green investments, and drive sustainable industrial growth.

The writer is professor at the Department of Development Studies and director at the Centre on Budget and Policy, University of Dhaka. He is also the executive director of Research and Policy Integration for Development (RAPID).​

 

[Saif]

DISASTERS IN COASTAL AREAS: Engaging youth in risk reduction

YOUNG people represent one of the most powerful driving forces for positive transformation across societies. Globally, there are now 1.2 billion individuals aged between 15 and 24 years, accounting for 16 per cent of the total population. In Bangladesh...

www.newagebd.net

DISASTERS IN COASTAL AREAS: Engaging youth in risk reduction
by Mohammed Mamun Rashid and Farzana Ferdous 19 April, 2025, 00:00

YOUNG people represent one of the most powerful driving forces for positive transformation across societies. Globally, there are now 1.2 billion individuals aged between 15 and 24 years, accounting for 16 per cent of the total population. In Bangladesh, the National Youth Policy 2017 defines ‘youth’ as individuals between aged between 18 and 35 years. Although the youth population contributes significantly to socio-economic and political advancement, this potential can only be harnessed if it is constructively directed. The Labour Force Survey 2022 underscores productive and decent work as the most important pathway to poverty alleviation. However, a pressing concern lies in the staggering figure of 9.65 million young individuals aged between 15 and 29 who fall under the category of not in employment, education or training. This constitutes 22 per cent of the youth demographic, marking a serious disconnect between potential and opportunity.

At the same time, Bangladesh remains one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries, and climate change has only exacerbated its vulnerability. Ranked seventh globally in terms of climate risk, the country faces a wide array of natural and man-made hazards, ranging from floods, flash floods, water stagnation, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes and riverbank erosion to arsenic contamination, salinity intrusion and heatwaves. The geographical formation of the country, combined with rapid population growth, unplanned urbanisation and industrialisation, contributes to heightened disaster risk. The impact of climate change has made these hazards more frequent and severe, as evidenced by destructive cyclones such as Sidr in 2007, Nargis in 2008, Aila in 2009, Roanu in 2016, Amphan in 2020, Yaas in 2021, Midhili in 2023 and Remal in 2024. These disasters have repeatedly devastated coastal communities, disrupting income sources and displacing lives.

To respond to such vulnerabilities, both global and national frameworks have been adopted. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, endorsed at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction and Bangladesh’s National Plan for Disaster Management 2021–2025, supported by the Disaster Management Act 2012, the Disaster Management Policy 2015 and the Standing Orders on Disaster 2019, promote resilience-building at all levels. Critically, these frameworks highlight the importance of youth participation in disaster risk reduction efforts — emphasising the value of volunteerism, leadership development, knowledge-sharing, local consultation, social media mobilisation, capacity-building, indigenous knowledge integration and inclusive decision-making. However, the practical application of these directives remains inconsistent.

Our survey conducted in 2024 among young people in the Barishal district identifies both challenges and opportunities in advancing community-based disaster risk reduction through youth engagement. A striking 78 per cent of the respondents believe that existing policy frameworks typically reflect a top-down approach, often failing to align with grassroots needs. Financial and technical constraints were identified by 59 per cent of respondents as major barriers to effective implementation of disaster reduction initiatives. Furthermore, 53 per cent of participants indicated that government agencies rarely recognise youth volunteers formally, except those enrolled in the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. Another 39 per cent cited the lack of coordinated goals among stakeholders as a hindrance to unified action, with overlaps in programming often resulting from institutional silos.

Inadequate training opportunities from government departments in essential areas such as disaster preparedness, early warning systems and community mobilisation were flagged by 76 per cent of the surveyed youths. Equally concerning is the gendered disparity in youth participation — 57 per cent stated that social taboos and entrenched gender norms discourage female youth from engaging in voluntary disaster response efforts. Alarmingly, 67 per cent of respondents noted that marginalised groups, including women, children, the elderly and persons with disabilities, continue to face exclusion from local disaster management forums and meaningful policy consultations.

Despite these setbacks, young people in Bangladesh have consistently demonstrated their commitment to humanitarian response. An overwhelming 98 per cent of respondents view the youth population as a critical asset for mainstreaming community-based disaster risk reduction. Youths are capable of managing and disseminating relevant disaster data and contributing to periodic risk assessments that incorporate social and environmental dimensions. They can play a central role in translating complex risk information into formats accessible to policymakers and vulnerable communities alike.

Significantly, 87 per cent of participants in the survey expressed confidence in their ability to adopt and promote innovative disaster risk reduction strategies, such as risk and resource mapping and early warning systems. Many youths have already begun developing information dissemination tools in local dialects, using short message services, mobile applications and video content to circulate timely alerts. Several non-governmental organisations have facilitated youth involvement through trainings, workshops, site visits and leadership development platforms. These opportunities not only enhance local capacity but also connect Bangladeshi youth to global best practices. In addition, 84 per cent of respondents advocate for greater exchange programmes both within the country and abroad, aimed at building their expertise. A notable 89 per cent believe that community-based disaster risk reduction will be more successful if local residents, particularly youth, are directly involved in conducting risk assessments, facilitating training, simulating disaster responses, and managing shelters and rehabilitation processes. Youths can significantly influence decisions at the Union Disaster Management Committee level — 75 per cent of respondents agree that their representation can elevate community voices in this grassroots forum.

As the global climate crisis accelerates, disaster risk reduction frameworks have become more essential than ever. These frameworks articulate numerous commitments for youth engagement, but their translation into concrete action remains limited in the Bangladeshi context. The country possesses an immense pool of youth power, especially with a strong inclination toward volunteerism. Yet the neglect of youth by state and institutional actors threatens to waste this potential. Our findings should serve as a call to action. The state, international bodies, development partners and funding agencies must give immediate and special consideration to building the capacities of young people and fully integrating them into community-based disaster risk reduction strategies. If such steps are taken with intention and urgency, the nation will not only be better prepared for future disasters but also enriched by a generation of empowered, resilient, and informed youth.

Dr Mohammed Mamun Rashid is development professional and Farzana Ferdous is an independent researcher.​

 

[Saif]

20 minutes face-to-face with a tiger in the Sundarbans

About a year ago, I joined the international organisation Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). My place of posting is in Khulna. On behalf of WCS Bangladesh, we provide technical support to the field-level staff of the Bangladesh Forest Department so that they can contribute effectively to...

en.prothomalo.com

20 minutes face-to-face with a tiger in the Sundarbans
Sakib Uddin Ahmed
Published: 19 Apr 2025, 22: 44

Two tigers in one frame.Photo: Sakib Uddin Ahmed/WCS Bangladesh

About a year ago, I joined the international organisation Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). My place of posting is in Khulna. On behalf of WCS Bangladesh, we provide technical support to the field-level staff of the Bangladesh Forest Department so that they can contribute effectively to wildlife observation and conservation.

This role often requires me to travel into the Sundarbans. On 11 April, I once again embarked on a journey from Mongla towards the Sarankhola range. As always, I was accompanied by boatman Alamgir.

We began our journey in the morning and reached Harintana via the Shaila River by late afternoon. Daylight had already begun to fade within the forest. Our boat was moving along a canal approximately 250 feet wide. At one point, I noticed movement within the bushes. A fleeting glance revealed that the creature was none other than a tiger.

Very few people ever get the chance to witness the gaze of a Royal Bengal tiger.Photo: Sakib Uddin Ahmed / WCS Bangladesh"

By then, our boat had moved a little further ahead. In a low voice, I told the boatman, “Brother, I just saw a tiger. Please reverse the boat.”

Every time I venture into the forest, I always make a playful request to Alamgir Bhai as soon as I board the boat, “Brother, you must show me a tiger this time!” he always laughs and shares various stories about tiger sightings. But somehow, I never managed to see one. Strangely enough, this time, I hadn’t made that usual request while leaving Mongla but this time…!

As soon as we reversed the boat, we saw not one but two tigers. One had its head poking out from the bushes, while the other stood a short distance away beneath the golpata fronds. One of them was staring directly at me with intense curiosity. It seemed to be observing out every movement with great attention.

Another Tiger next to it.Photo: Sakib Uddin Ahmad/WCS Bangladesh

While observing them, I completely forgot about taking photographs. It was only later that I realised I had not even taken the camera out of the bag. In a hurry, I took out the camera and attached the lens, which took about a minute. I then began clicking rapidly. In the meantime, the tigers had changed their positions. They had skillfully concealed themselves within the natural cover of golpata, sundari and gewa trees. No wonder they’re called ‘stealthy hunters’’! I could no longer capture both of them in the same frame. While focusing on one, the other would slip behind the foliage. As dusk was approaching, the light had also begun to fade. I had no choice but to take photographs and videos in low light.

About twenty minutes passed in this manner. Judging by their movements, it appeared they were waiting to cross the canal. We had interrupted them. Our presence was blocking their path in their own territory. When I shared this thought with Alamgir brother, he started the boat engine.

By that time, evening had descended. I sat in the boat, trembling with excitement. Had this unbelievable moment truly happened in my life? As I pondered this, I checked the photos and videos I had just captured. Once I saw the images, there was no room for doubt.

That night, I joined the smart team at the Sarankhola range. They were delighted to see the photos. Some of them have been working in the Sundarbans for over a decade but have never encountered a tiger. Others may have had sudden sightings but without the opportunity to take photographs, a source of lasting regret. Listening to everyone’s stories of missed opportunities, I couldn’t help but feel fortunate.​

 

[Saif]

Human arrogance and the planet

PEOPLE like to pride themselves on how much more intelligent we are than other creatures on this planet. It would be helpful to remember that one of the most basic lessons grasped by other ‘lower’ critters is: do not foul your nest. Even an animal as destructive as the elephant knows better than...

www.newagebd.net

Human arrogance and the planet
Debra Efroymson 20 April, 2025, 00:00

PEOPLE like to pride themselves on how much more intelligent we are than other creatures on this planet. It would be helpful to remember that one of the most basic lessons grasped by other ‘lower’ critters is: do not foul your nest. Even an animal as destructive as the elephant knows better than to destroy its own habitat.

It would serve us well, as human beings, to be a bit less arrogant and more aware of the harm we are doing to our planet. We should become more cognisant of the obvious but oft forgotten fact that we cannot survive if we continue on our path of pollution and climate devastation.

Ah, you say, but there are various efforts afoot to improve the situation. For example, many groups celebrate Earth Day. But how serious is their message? We hear about planting trees and properly disposing of rubbish. All well and good, but can trees survive droughts, flooding and forest fires? How many trees do we plant versus the number we cut down for ‘development’? Rubbish, meanwhile, needs to be disposed of somewhere. Shifting it from one place to another aids with cleanliness; it does not save our environment.

And let us face it, we — not only in Bangladesh but throughout the world — face major environmental and climactic challenges that will require vastly bigger solutions than planting trees and disposing of rubbish. One hugely important but oft neglected issue in the environment discussion is the automobile. How many groups are brave enough to point out the incredible damage we are doing with our cars?

Allow me to cite a few statistics. You may or may not know that road crashes kill more than a million people a year and injure far more than that. Since their invention, cars and automobility have killed 60–80 million people and injured at least two billion. Really, are we okay with that?

But we are talking about Earth Day. We may think that the main harm caused by cars is from older models with black smoke pouring out of their tailpipe. Many people believe that by buying an electric car, they can have their convenient transport while not polluting. Not so. Cars pollute in every stage of their life: manufacture, use and disposal. Electric cars require vast resources (read mining) to create the battery, which is difficult and dangerous to recycle. And being heavier, electric cars can actually emit more pollutants from the friction of tires on roads.

Cars are a major contributor to the climate crisis. They are also a major reason why we cannot engage in more activities to mitigate the crisis and adapt to it: we tear down trees to build wide roads; we spend so much money supporting the use of cars that we have little left for environmental efforts; and the use of cars in cities makes it nearly impossible to operate a good public transit system or for people to walk and cycle safely and comfortably.

Cars harm wildlife and reduce biodiversity. The roads and highways we build for them destroy and fragment habitats. And then there is all the noise — not ‘just’ from honking but from revving engines. Think of the roar of motorbikes in the city, which not only is a nuisance, but kills people through stress.

Despite all this, we may associate the car with nature. How else to reach beautiful natural places, to explore the wilderness, than with a CRV? That association is by no means accidental; automobile companies spend billions of dollars a year advertising their products, including through sponsorship of channels such as National Geographic. How many ads have we seen with a car driving through a serene, unpolluted, natural environment? And how well do such ads match the reality of car use?

This year on Earth Day, April 22, let us remember that people are singularly destructive inhabitants of our planet that while the earth can do just fine without us, we cannot survive without a healthy environment; and that one of the biggest causes of environmental damage on this planet is the automobile. Once we recognise the problem, we can use our intelligence to come up with better solutions — not better cars, but better transport systems. We can reduce the need to travel. And then we can begin to repair some of the damage we have caused. It’s time to stop fouling and start cleaning our nest.

Debra Efroymson is Executive Director of the Institute of Wellbeing, Bangladesh.​