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Pashtun,
Pashtun, ethnolinguistic group residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan. The Pashtun constitute the largest ethnic group of the population of Afghanistan and bore the exclusive name of Afghan before that name came to denote any native of the present land area of Afghanistan.
The Pashtun are united primarily by a common language, Pashto. Other commonalities include Sunni Islam and a common social code (Pashtunwali) that governs both ethical behaviour and custom. The origins of the Pashtun are debated, including among the Pashtun themselves. One Pashtun tradition asserts that they are descended from Afghana, grandson of King Saul of Israel. Several Pashtun tribes are known to have moved from Afghanistan to Pakistan between the 13th and 16th centuries, and many Pashtun moved to northern Afghanistan after the formation of the modern Afghan state in the late 19th century.
Most Pashtun are sedentary farmers, combining cultivation with animal husbandry. Some are migratory herders and caravaners. Many Pashtun serve in the military. Smaller numbers hold political posts.
Kinship is the basis of Pashtun society. Each tribe, consisting of kinsmen who trace descent in the male bloodline from a common tribal ancestor, is divided into clans, subclans, and patriarchal families. Tribal genealogies establish rights of succession and inheritance and the right to use tribal lands and to speak in tribal council (jirga). Disputes over property, women, and personal injury often result in blood feuds between families and whole clans; these may be inherited unless settled by the intervention of clan chiefs or by tribal council.
There were estimated to be about 11 million Pashtun in Afghanistan and 25 million in Pakistan in the early 21st century. They comprise about 60 tribes of varying size and importance, each of which occupies a particular territory. In Afghanistan, where the Pashtun are the predominant ethnic group, the main tribesāor, more accurately, federations of tribesāare the DurrÄnÄ« south of Kabul and the Ghilzay east of Kabul.
In Pakistan the Pashtun predominate north of Quetta between the Sulaiman Range and the Indus River. In the hill areas the main tribes are, from south to north, the KÄkaį¹, ShÄrÄni, and UstarÄna south of the Gumal River; the Maįø„sÅ«d, DarwÄsh KhÄl, WazÄ«rÄ«, and Biį¹anÄ« between the Gumal River and Thal; the TÅ«rÄ«, Bangash, Årakzay, AfrÄ«dÄ«, and ShinwÄrÄ« from Thal to the Khyber Pass; and the Mahmand, UtmÄn KhÄl, TarklÄnÄ«, and YÅ«sufzay north and northeast of the Khyber Pass.
The settled areas include lowland tribes subject to direct administration by the provincial government. The main tribes there are, from south to north, the BanÅ«chÄ« and Khaį¹ak, from the Kurram River to Nowshera, and the KhalÄ«l and MandÄį¹ in the Vale of Peshawar. The cities of KandahÄr, JalÄlÄbÄd, and Lashkar GÄh in Afghanistan and Peshawar and Quetta in Pakistan are important centres of Pashtun culture.
Pashtun, ethnolinguistic group residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan. The Pashtun constitute the largest ethnic group of the population of Afghanistan and bore the exclusive name of Afghan before that name came to denote any native of the present land area of Afghanistan.
The Pashtun are united primarily by a common language, Pashto. Other commonalities include Sunni Islam and a common social code (Pashtunwali) that governs both ethical behaviour and custom. The origins of the Pashtun are debated, including among the Pashtun themselves. One Pashtun tradition asserts that they are descended from Afghana, grandson of King Saul of Israel. Several Pashtun tribes are known to have moved from Afghanistan to Pakistan between the 13th and 16th centuries, and many Pashtun moved to northern Afghanistan after the formation of the modern Afghan state in the late 19th century.
Most Pashtun are sedentary farmers, combining cultivation with animal husbandry. Some are migratory herders and caravaners. Many Pashtun serve in the military. Smaller numbers hold political posts.
Kinship is the basis of Pashtun society. Each tribe, consisting of kinsmen who trace descent in the male bloodline from a common tribal ancestor, is divided into clans, subclans, and patriarchal families. Tribal genealogies establish rights of succession and inheritance and the right to use tribal lands and to speak in tribal council (jirga). Disputes over property, women, and personal injury often result in blood feuds between families and whole clans; these may be inherited unless settled by the intervention of clan chiefs or by tribal council.
There were estimated to be about 11 million Pashtun in Afghanistan and 25 million in Pakistan in the early 21st century. They comprise about 60 tribes of varying size and importance, each of which occupies a particular territory. In Afghanistan, where the Pashtun are the predominant ethnic group, the main tribesāor, more accurately, federations of tribesāare the DurrÄnÄ« south of Kabul and the Ghilzay east of Kabul.
In Pakistan the Pashtun predominate north of Quetta between the Sulaiman Range and the Indus River. In the hill areas the main tribes are, from south to north, the KÄkaį¹, ShÄrÄni, and UstarÄna south of the Gumal River; the Maįø„sÅ«d, DarwÄsh KhÄl, WazÄ«rÄ«, and Biį¹anÄ« between the Gumal River and Thal; the TÅ«rÄ«, Bangash, Årakzay, AfrÄ«dÄ«, and ShinwÄrÄ« from Thal to the Khyber Pass; and the Mahmand, UtmÄn KhÄl, TarklÄnÄ«, and YÅ«sufzay north and northeast of the Khyber Pass.
The settled areas include lowland tribes subject to direct administration by the provincial government. The main tribes there are, from south to north, the BanÅ«chÄ« and Khaį¹ak, from the Kurram River to Nowshera, and the KhalÄ«l and MandÄį¹ in the Vale of Peshawar. The cities of KandahÄr, JalÄlÄbÄd, and Lashkar GÄh in Afghanistan and Peshawar and Quetta in Pakistan are important centres of Pashtun culture.