[🇧🇩] Save the Rivers/Forests/Hills-----Save the Environment

[Krishna with Flute]

A mammoth Mission by Sadguru NGO to Named kaveri Calling to revive River Kaveri to restore the water flow which it had 3 decades back. Total 2420 million trees are planned to be planted in Kaveri Basin.

Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD),​

Cauvery Calling​

Revitalizing the Land, the Water and the Lives of 84 million people in India


1.0 The Problem: Soil, Water and Livelihood challenge facing 4.7 billion people

Our collective mismanagement of Earth has manifested itself in myriad symptoms – climate change, loss of topsoil and fertility, dwindling water resources, and related farmer distress around the world. At risk is the world’s food and water security, as well as the livelihoods of billions of people linked to the agrarian economy – especially in the tropical world that is home to 4.7 billion people. India is one of the worst affected regions – with a 40% or more decline in its rivers in just two generations due to more than 70% loss in green cover in the river basin areas. As a result, soil fertility is declining, there are more droughts and floods, and there is acute agrarian distress with a rising tide of farmer suicides. Lack of organic matter is turning soil into sand. Not surprisingly, 24% of the world, and 32% of India, is turning into a desert.

Given this backdrop, Cauvery River, which has been a lifeline for southern India for many millennia, is now dying. At stake is 83,000 square kilometers of the river’s basin, which until recent years had been one of the most fertile lands in India, and is today home to 84 million people.


2.0 The Solution: Creating the world’s largest farmer-driven ecological movement

At its heart, the core idea underpinning Cauvery Calling is breathtakingly simple and scalable. In heavily populated tropical countries like India, large tracts of additional land to put under more forest cover simply don’t exist. Therefore the solution is to bring tree cover onto the vast tracts of private farmland - via the adoption of tree-based agriculture by farmers.

Importantly, the entire approach is based on the insight that impoverished rural farmers will adopt tree-based agriculture only if there is a strong market-driven financial incentive to dramatically improve their livelihoods. Consequently, this entirely voluntary adoption of tree-based agriculture by farmers is underpinned by an underlying economic model where by farmer incomes are going up between 300-800%. It is, therefore, evident that in a country where 690 million people live in relative poverty, Cauvery Calling is a ground-breaking eco-restoration movement that marries ecology with economy.

Given the movement, at its heart, is voluntarily propelled by farmers for an underlying economic rationale, large-scale change becomes possible. This movement, therefore, is addressing the ecological and economic concerns of the entire Cauvery River basin area,propelled by 5.2 million farmers in the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in southern India. The target is to help these farmers bring their land under green cover by planting 2.42 billion trees.

Watch Cauvery Calling: A Race To Save a River, a documentary film by Discovery Channel

3.0 Laying the Foundation

The Cauvery Calling approach has been painstakingly developed and refined on the ground for more than two decades, starting from 1998. The initial decades were spent developing the model, building capabilities, creating people linkages and generating favorable word of mouth through widespread on-ground farmer success stories across Tamil Nadu.

In 2017, the scale-up of the tree-based agriculture model received a dramatic impetus when Sadhguru, the Founder of Isha Outreach, created a nationwide peoples’ movement, Rally for Rivers, to ensure the long-term sustainability of this holistic way of addressing our soil, water, and livelihood challenges. An unprecedented 162 million people in India actively expressed their support during this month-long on-ground rally.

In 2018, a comprehensive set of technical recommendations were submitted to the Government of India, which formed the cornerstone of the Government River Revitalization Advisory sent to all Indian states and Union Territories in June 2018.


4.0 Unprecedented Scale-up in Recent Years:

In 2019, with various building blocks in place, the geographic scope and scale of the initiative expanded to include the Cauvery River basin in Karnataka. In September 2019, Sadhguru undertook a massive on-ground mobilization, riding over 3,080 km across the Cauvery basin. This effort shaped a people's movement across the length and breadth of the river basin.

Prior to 2020, over two decades of on-ground work, the project enabled the planting of 42 million trees and transitioned 77,000 farmers to tree-based agriculture. Since 2020, in just four years of the Cauvery Calling project scale-up, it enabled the plantation of an additional 74 million trees and 152,000 farmers have transitioned to tree-based agriculture.

In 2022, two more initiatives for farmer involvement were introduced: farmer-driven sapling production and farmer-driven sapling distribution. This step in farmer empowerment ensures that farmers will own both the sapling supply and demand in the coming times.

Recent Highlights/Milestones

1. In 2022, The Govt. of India allocated INR 19,000 crore ($ 2.4 billion) to rejuvenate 13 major Indian rivers in alignment with the Rally for Rivers draft policy recommendations.
2. Further, in 2022, Conscious Planet - Save Soil, the largest ecological movement on the planet with a reach of over 4 billion people, has brought the world's attention to the soil crisis.
   1. Sadhguru undertook an arduous 100-day, 30,000-km lone motorcycle journey across 27 countries to raise awareness making it the world’s largest movement
   2. Sadhguru addressed 193 nations at UNCCD COP15. Presented policy recommendations mapped to 12 agroclimatic zones, 25 soil types and 3 land use types
3. In 2023, Conscious Planet was part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP28
   1. Save Soil Pavillion hosted 12 panel discussions with 50 experts.
   2. For the first time, soil and agriculture's role in climate mitigation was acknowledged.
   3. Almost 500 media reports were published across 33 countries covering Save Soil and Sadhguru's efforts at COP28 to highlight the pivotal role of soil in combating climate change.

5.0 Why This is a Game Changer: Scalable and self-sustainable solution for land restoration and river revitalization

Cauvery Calling is a game-changer for the following key reasons:

1. Scale:The immense scale of this on-ground effort which involves helping 5.2 million farmers to bring their land under green cover by planting 2.42 billion trees across the Cauvery basin.
2. Unique building blocks:The movement’s ability to achieve its ambitious long-term goals is underpinned by two game-changing building blocks:
   1. The required scale-up of vegetative green cover is not constrained by the limited availability of forest land as the movement targets the vast tracts of privately-owned agricultural lands.
   2. The long-term sustainability of the initiative will be market-driven because it is propelled by significant increases in the incomes of impoverished farmers. Therefore, this movement will not be constrained by the availability of charitable contributions.
3. Popular support:A broad-based and all-inclusive people’s movement has been shaped on the back of a national-level 2017 public campaign that elicited the support of an unprecedented 162 million people, followed by another campaign in 2019 to mobilize farmers and urban support. This movement encompasses farmers, civil society, the Union and relevant State Governments, and NGOs. And all of this is underpinned by 26 years of concerted on-ground work.

6.0 Impact on Humans and the Natural World:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change outlines that land-related restoration initiatives should be evaluated across five key areas - climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, combating desertification and land degradation, food security, and sustainable development. Cauvery Calling is one of the few projects that addresses all five areas. It is harnessing a powerful nature-based solution – tree-based agriculture - to address ecosystem restoration (both soil and water), reversal of biodiversity loss, climate change mitigation, improved food security and nutritional value, crop diversification, and risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and better livelihoods for millions of small-hold farmers.

As of October 2024, the project has enabled the planting of 116 million living trees. Further, 229,000 farmers have transitioned to tree-based agriculture. The project impact is summarized below:

1. Climate change adaptation:​

   1. Farms have become more resilient to floods and droughts, as evidenced by low water stagnation during excessive rains and reduced loss of yields during droughts.
   2. Livelihoods of impoverished farmers have been de-risked due to:
      
      1. a 300-800% increase in their incomes.
      2. Having the safety net of possessing marketable trees.
      3. Needing less time for cultivation allows farmers to develop alternative skill sets and related earning opportunities.

2. Climate change mitigation:​

   1. The plan of planting 2.42 billion trees is expected to result in the sequestration of 200-300 million tonnes of CO2, which is equivalent to 8-12% of India’s NDC for 2030.
   2. Reduced pressure on forests for tree produce.

3. Combating desertification and land degradation:​

   1. The goal is to restore organic matter in the soil to at least 3-6%.
   2. Planting 2.42 billion trees is estimated to help sequester 9-12 trillion liters of water - revitalizing the soil, groundwater, and Cauvery River.
   3. Many farmers have reclaimed their fallow lands.

4. Food security:​

   1. Increased soil fertility due to tree-based agriculture has significantly improved the yields and the quality of various intercrops.
   2. Enhanced availability of fruits and improved soil quality result in an increased nutritional content for impoverished families.

5. Sustainable development:​

   1. The initiative addresses no fewer than nine sustainable development goals of the United Nations - i.e. goals number 1,2,6,8,10,12,13,15,17, as described in the graphic below.
   2. The required intensity of irrigation has significantly reduced due to enhanced moisture retention in soil.
   3. Biodiversity is rising, as evidenced by increased populations of beneficial insects and earthworms and the return of birds and small mammals.
   4. The initiative could slow down the adverse trend of rural-to-urban migration in the future.

 

[Saif]

Govt should ensure rights of rivers as juristic people

THE discharge of untreated industrial effluent into rivers continues with the authorities knowing fully well that such a situation would only push the rivers towards their death. The photograph...

www.newagebd.net

Govt should ensure rights of rivers as juristic people
09 November, 2024, 00:00

THE discharge of untreated industrial effluent into rivers continues with the authorities knowing fully well that such a situation would only push the rivers towards their death. The photograph of a Shyampur stretch of the River Buriganga that New Age published on November 8 shows how untreated industrial effluent kills the river. In the wake of World Cities Day, observed on October 31, the photograph should serve as a pressing wakeup call for the government to take stern action against the pollution of rivers by way of the discharge of untreated industrial effluent. This is merely one point into the river where industrial effluent is discharged. There are thousands of industries around the capital Dhaka, bounded by four rivers and a canal — the Balu and Sitalakkhya on the east, the Turag and the Buriganga on the west, Tongi Canal on the north and the Dhaleshwari on the south. And the industries on the fringes of the capital and on the outer sides bordering the rivers keep polluting the rivers with their untreated effluent. There have been court directives for the government and its agencies to stop such pollution. There have been initiatives to stop such pollution that have fallen through or petered out.

But why do such initiatives have failed? They have so done, mostly because when it comes to the task on the ground, the agencies, a horde of them, start engaging in blame trade, with one in its effort to pass the blame for such a situation and the responsibility to stop such pollution onto others. There has also been noticeable incoordination between the agencies when they start trying to stop industries from discharging untreated effluent into the rivers. And, they usually do not do the job efficiently, effectively and seriously, leaving scopes for the polluting industries to continue with their marauding discharge once government initiatives stall and the furore that occasionally breaks out dies down. This has been a regular phenomenon, especially around occasions related to the cause of the environment, when green campaigners rise up to advance environmental causes, the court renews its efforts and the media make some report, censuring the government for its inaction. The High Court in February 2019 declared rivers to be ‘living entities’, rendering them as ‘juristic people’ having rights to be legally protected and put the rivers, as not being usual living entities, under the care of a guardian called the National River Conservation Commission. The court ordered river pollution, along with river grab, to be treated as criminal offences, noting that killing a river amounts to a collective suicide. Yet nothing substantial has so far happened.

It is, therefore, time that the government took an integrated approach to stop river pollution with untreated industrial effluent, by getting at the industries that have sprung along the rivers, not only around the capital city also across the country, forcing them to treat the effluent before the discharge into the rivers.​

 

[Saif]

Trump prepares to withdraw from Paris climate deal: NYT

US President-elect Donald Trump's transition team has prepared executive orders and proclamations on withdrawing from the Paris climate agreement, reports NYT

www.thedailystar.net

Trump prepares to withdraw from Paris climate deal: NYT

Photo: AFP

US President-elect Donald Trump's transition team has prepared executive orders and proclamations on withdrawing from the Paris climate agreement and shrinking the size of some national monuments to allow more drilling and mining, the New York Times reported on Friday.

Trump is also expected to end the pause on permitting new liquefied natural gas exports to big markets in Asia and Europe and revoke a waiver that allows California and other states to have tighter pollution standards, according to the report.

Trump promised during his campaign to take many of the actions listed in the report. Karoline Leavitt, a spokeswoman for the Trump transition team, said in a response to a Reuters request that the results of Tuesday's election gave him a "mandate to implement the promises he made on the campaign trail. He will deliver."

The administration of President Joe Biden paused approvals of new LNG exports in January in order to complete a study on the environmental and economic impact of the exports. The US Energy Department will have a draft updated analysis out for a 60-day public comment period before the end of the year, a department official said.

Some people on the transition team are discussing moving the headquarters of the Environmental Protection Agency out of Washington, the report said, citing unnamed people involved in the discussions.​

 

[Saif]

COP29: What is a carbon credit? What is Article 6?

Countries at the U.N. COP29 climate summit in Azerbaijan will attempt to agree rules for a global system for trading carbon offset credits. Here's what you should know: WHAT ARE CARBON OFFSETS? Some governments and companies may struggle to reduce their planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions to

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

COP29: What is a carbon credit? What is Article 6?
REUTERS
Published :
Nov 09, 2024 15:28
Updated :
Nov 09, 2024 15:29

A view shows the venue of the United Nations climate change conference, known as COP29, during a media tour ahead of the summit beginning in Baku, Azerbaijan November 8, 2024. REUTERS/Aziz Karimov/File Photo

Countries at the U.N. COP29 climate summit in Azerbaijan will attempt to agree rules for a global system for trading carbon offset credits.

Here's what you should know:

WHAT ARE CARBON OFFSETS?

Some governments and companies may struggle to reduce their planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions to meet their climate targets. Supporters of carbon offsets see them as a key means to help meet these goals.

These offsets allow one nation or company to offset some of their emissions by paying for actions to cut emissions elsewhere. These actions might include rural solar panel installations or converting a fleet of petrol buses to electric.

WHAT IS ARTICLE 6?

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement helps countries work together to reduce their carbon emissions. It sets out two options for countries and companies to trade offsets, helping them meet the goals they set to reduce planetary-warming gases in their climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

One allows two countries to set their own terms for a bilateral carbon trading agreement, this is known as Article 6.2. The second aims to create a central, UN-managed system for countries and companies to begin offsetting their carbon emissions and trading those offsets, known as Article 6.4.

Article 6 is seen an important mechanism for delivering climate finance to developing countries, and a Paris Agreement carbon market, if launched, could continue operating even if the United States under Donald Trump withdraws support for the Paris Agreement.

WHAT'S BEEN DECIDED SO FAR?

At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, negotiators reached a breakthrough agreement that established a broad rulebook to regulate trading of carbon credits.

But after two weeks of talks at COP28 in Dubai, countries failed to seal a deal on necessary details to operationalise a central carbon trading system or to clarify rules for nations wanting to make bilateral arrangements.

Some countries like Japan and Indonesia have decided to press ahead with bilateral agreements without those clarifications and are already preparing to trade carbon credits, known as "internationally transferable mitigation outcomes" (ITMOs). The UN says 91 agreements had been made between 56 countries as of October this year. Thailand and Switzerland completed the first sale in January, and the market for bilateral trade agreements is still quite small.

Some buyers are worried there are not adequate rules to stop countries changing the terms of the agreements, or revoking them, and that there is not a robust system to ensure that credits bought and sold are not being counted by both the buying and selling countries.

WHAT WILL BE DECIDED AT COP29?

Officials are keen to secure an early "win" on Article 6 at this year's climate conference.
Market watchers are hopeful an agreement can be reached to set guardrails for the bilateral agreements and to operationalise the UN-backed centralised marketplace.

Guardrails include checks and balances to provide assurance countries are buying and selling actual emissions reductions. Some countries for example want methods nations use to generate credits to be checked internationally.

Countries will also negotiate whether the UN's central registry can itself house credits that can be transacted and retired or whether it should operate just for accounting purposes.

An expert group elected under United Nations rules has already hammered out a framework for the multilateral trading system to ensure credits meet basic quality standards. But countries at COP29 can decide to either sign off on this standard, open up further discussions, or reject it.

After COP29, the technical expert group will meet again to agree which methodologies for generating carbon credits through cookstoves projects or reforestation for example can issue credits into the new Paris Aligned system.

If the key points are resolved this year, the system could launch as soon as 2025.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET?

Some companies that are under no legal obligation to cut their emissions have set voluntary targets, which they can meet partially through buying credits on a voluntary carbon market. In 2022, the voluntary market was valued at about $2 billion worldwide. But the market value plummeted to $723 million last year after being shaken by repeated scandals.

Linking up carbon projects currently in the voluntary market with the Paris Agreement system could boost confidence.

Developers of projects like mangrove restoration to regenerative agriculture can apply to have their credits sold under the UN system, meaning that if approved, they could sell in either that system or on the voluntary market. Experts expect UN-approved credits to carry a higher price tag.

WHAT ARE CARBON OFFSETS?

Some governments and companies may struggle to reduce their planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions to meet their climate targets. Supporters of carbon offsets see them as a key means to help meet these goals.

These offsets allow one nation or company to offset some of their emissions by paying for actions to cut emissions elsewhere. These actions might include rural solar panel installations or converting a fleet of petrol buses to electric.

WHAT IS ARTICLE 6?

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement helps countries work together to reduce their carbon emissions. It sets out two options for countries and companies to trade offsets, helping them meet the goals they set to reduce planetary-warming gases in their climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

One allows two countries to set their own terms for a bilateral carbon trading agreement, this is known as Article 6.2. The second aims to create a central, UN-managed system for countries and companies to begin offsetting their carbon emissions and trading those offsets, known as Article 6.4.

Article 6 is seen an important mechanism for delivering climate finance to developing countries, and a Paris Agreement carbon market, if launched, could continue operating even if the United States under Donald Trump withdraws support for the Paris Agreement.

WHAT'S BEEN DECIDED SO FAR?

At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, negotiators reached a breakthrough agreement that established a broad rulebook to regulate trading of carbon credits.
But after two weeks of talks at COP28 in Dubai, countries failed to seal a deal on necessary details to operationalise a central carbon trading system or to clarify rules for nations wanting to make bilateral arrangements.

Some countries like Japan and Indonesia have decided to press ahead with bilateral agreements without those clarifications and are already preparing to trade carbon credits, known as "internationally transferable mitigation outcomes" (ITMOs). The UN says 91 agreements had been made between 56 countries as of October this year. Thailand and Switzerland completed the first sale in January, and the market for bilateral trade agreements is still quite small.

Some buyers are worried there are not adequate rules to stop countries changing the terms of the agreements, or revoking them, and that there is not a robust system to ensure that credits bought and sold are not being counted by both the buying and selling countries.

WHAT WILL BE DECIDED AT COP29?

Officials are keen to secure an early "win" on Article 6 at this year's climate conference.

Market watchers are hopeful an agreement can be reached to set guardrails for the bilateral agreements and to operationalise the UN-backed centralised marketplace.

Guardrails include checks and balances to provide assurance countries are buying and selling actual emissions reductions. Some countries for example wants methods nations use to generate credits to be checked internationally.

Countries will also negotiate whether the UN's central registry can itself house credits that can be transacted and retired or whether it should operate just for accounting purposes.

An expert group elected under United Nations rules has already hammered out a framework for the multilateral trading system to ensure credits meet basic quality standards. But countries at COP29 can decide to either sign off on this standard, open up further discussions, or reject it.

After COP29, the technical expert group will meet again to agree which methodologies for generating carbon credits through cookstoves projects or reforestation for example can issue credits into the new Paris Aligned system.

If the key points are resolved this year, the system could launch as soon as 2025.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET?

Some companies that are under no legal obligation to cut their emissions have set voluntary targets, which they can meet partially through buying credits on a voluntary carbon market. In 2022, the voluntary market was valued at about $2 billion worldwide. But the market value plummeted to $723 million last year after being shaken by repeated scandals.

Linking up carbon projects currently in the voluntary market with the Paris Agreement system could boost confidence. Developers of projects like mangrove restoration to regenerative agriculture can apply to have their credits sold under the UN system, meaning that if approved, they could sell in either that system or on the voluntary market. Experts expect UN-approved credits to carry a higher price tag.​

 

[Saif]

COP29: A quick run-through of the finance agenda

The centrepiece of this year’s COP agenda is undoubtedly climate finance.

www.thedailystar.net

COP29: A quick run-through of the finance agenda

Photo: REUTERS

Why is COP29 called the Finance COP?

The 29th session of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP29) will be held at Azerbaijan's capital, Baku, from November 11 to 22, 2024. The UNFCCC secretariat and the host country are expecting around 50,000 participants; including government officials, policymakers, practitioners, youth, and investors. The centrepiece of this year's COP agenda is undoubtedly climate finance, with the decision text on New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) targeted to be finalised. Recently, the host country announced the launch of a Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) among its packages of initiatives at COP29.

So, what is the NCQG?

In 2009 at Copenhagen, the Conference of Parties (COP15) decided to commit to a goal of mobilising $100 billion per year by 2020 to support developing countries in their climate actions. However, the collective commitment of developed countries had failed and the $100 billion goal was extended until 2025, at COP21 in Paris. Meanwhile, under the Paris Agreement, parties agreed to set a new climate finance target by 2025 from the floor of $100 billion considering the needs and priorities of developing countries. This new goal also sends a strong political signal to the parties to be more aware at the negotiation rooms.

What has happened to date?

An ad hoc work programme on the NCQG, facilitated by two co-chairs (one from a developed country and one from a developing country) has been implemented between 2022 and 2024. Meetings and technical expert dialogues conducted under the work programme aimed to finalise the draft negotiating text forming the basis of negotiations for setting NCQG at COP29. The initial structure of the substantive framework for the text proposed by the co-chairs included four elements: i) preamble; ii) context; ii) NCQG (comprised of quantitative elements, thematic scope, and qualitative elements) and; vi) transparency arrangements.

What to look out for in the upcoming 12 days?

COP29 must seal the deal on the NCQG's target and mechanisms. From among the elements of the structure being worked on, let's have a quick look at progress to date and anticipations:

i) Overall, most parties agreed with the structure proposed by the co-chairs. Some elements such as common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) that the NCQG must follow were added. Others were asked to be kept as standalone elements rather than sub-elements (such as time frame of the goal, and access to climate finance)

ii)The structure of the goal will need to decide on the following:
​

• will the goal be sub-layered?​
• which aspects will define the sub-layers?​
• will the three main streams of climate action (adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage) be used to allocate percentages in sub-goals?​

The developing parties definitely have made it loud and clear that this must be the case. But the richer countries are still not on the same page, with "strong resistance" expressed against an explicit loss and damage sub-goal. With a new US president in power, the developing parties will need to ramp up their fight for climate justice many folds.

iii) What will the time frame(s) of the goal look like? The options discussed include alignment with existing UNFCCC processes such as the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Biennial Transparency Reports (BTR) and Global Stocktake (GST) cycles. Would a cumulative or an annual goal be set? How long would it take to achieve the goals with the options varying from five years to 10 or 15 years? Most of the existing UNFCCC processes are five-year cycles. What would the starting year be, 2025 or 2026? In case of a longer time frame, how often would review and/or revision provisions be kept? Periodic reviewing and revisions should be planned so that the Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) biennial progress report and GST reports can inform stakeholders meaningfully. They must also be interlinked and planned with the transparency arrangements of the NCQG.

vi) The floor for the quantum or figure for the next climate finance is in trillions per year. The second report by the SCF published mid-October provides an updated overview of the needs of developing country parties based on available information in reports at the national, regional and global level. Costed needs (the estimated cost needed to address climate change) are a subset of the mentioned needs, thus indicating the monetary numbers in hand are underestimated. As per the report, NDCs from 142 parties contained a total of 5,760 needs, of which 48 percent are costed needs, amounting to $5.036–6.876 trillion. And that only speaks for mitigation. The quantum is thus largely interlinked with the structure and must address all three pillars of adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage. The quantum will also be determined by the time frame(s) and sources of finance. To ensure quality of finance, many parties also called for sub-targets for concessional and grant-based finance.

Azerbaijan's initiative or stunt?

Back in July, the host country announced a package of 14 initiatives, of which the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) is targeted to kick off with an initial one billion dollars sourced through voluntary contributions from the fossil-fuel-producing countries. Half of the funds will be channelled to developing countries for climate action, while the remaining half will target implementation of ambitious NDC actions and working to limit global temperatures to 1.5°C.

Azerbaijan received significant criticism for holding a large share in fossil fuel production, with their stance on climate change remaining in question. This initiative may be an attempt for redemption, but risks being a bypass for fossil fuel producers when we all must be collectively working to transition away from fossil fuels.

With many parties, especially from among the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), boycotting COP29, and the recent turnarounds of the US elections, this COP is under immense pressure to deliver and it must deliver, because timely actions are long overdue.

Madiha Chowdhury is working in the International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) as a senior research officer.

Juel Mahmud is working in the International Centre for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) as a programme coordinator.​