[🇧🇩] Save the Rivers/Forests/Hills-----Save the Environment

[Saif]

How carbon markets can drive Bangladesh’s green transition

Bangladesh’s readiness will dictate how it will fare in the new carbon market regime.

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How carbon markets can drive Bangladesh’s green transition

International carbon markets may incentivise the quick deployment of energy-efficient and non-fired brick technologies. FILE PHOTO: RAJIB RAIHAN

With the flow of international climate finance still slow, carbon markets, supported by results-based finance, will likely pave the way for developing and least developed countries to incentivise emission reductions. The approval of Article 6 at the 29th UN Climate Change Conference (COP29), held in Baku, Azerbaijan, has finally laid the foundation for a global carbon market.

Article 6 defines two market-based approaches under Article 6.2 and Article 6.4. The former allows direct country-to-country carbon trading, known as the Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). ITMOs may contribute to a country's mitigation target under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), while the other country will receive revenue against the sold ITMOs.

Article 6.4, also known as the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM), is a centralised and stringent carbon market framework, which a supervisory body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will regulate. A host country may implement clean energy and environment-friendly projects, register these with the UNFCCC, and sell the verified emission reductions to another country seeking carbon credits to meet its mitigation target. Article 6.4 will allow both countries and companies to participate in trading.

This article will further assess the eligibility of the transition of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has been the UNFCCC-administered carbon trading instrument between developing and developed countries since 2006.

As CDM is the largest project-based carbon crediting programme, different countries will now build on their experience with it to utilise it in carbon markets under Article 6. While some countries largely benefited from CDM projects, Bangladesh has enjoyed limited success. The country needs to prepare, drawing lessons from the CDM era, and undertake measures for readiness to develop suitable mitigation projects for swiftly tapping the opportunities of carbon markets.

Moreover, Bangladesh's apparel sector may buy carbon credits under Article 6.4 to meet its goal for emission reductions beyond what it can achieve by implementing measures locally.

Bangladesh's lacklustre performance in the CDM

As of December 2023, 99 host countries (least developed, developing, and small island countries) registered 7,841 CDM project activities. The UNFCCC issued 2,357 million Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).

Notably, 10 of the 99 host countries registered more than 87 percent of CDM projects, while China and India combined registered 69.5 percent. However, China benefited the most as its projects generated more than 50 percent of the CERs issued by the UNFCCC. Projects in India, Brazil and the Republic of Korea, which delivered around 30 percent of the CERs, were behind China.

Sources: UNFCCC CDM Project Activities; IEEFA’s Analysis

On the contrary, Bangladesh could register 10 CDM projects, resulting in a paltry 1.26 million tonnes of CERs, representing only 0.53 percent of the total issuance till December 2023. While Bangladesh has also registered 11 CDM Programme of Activities (POAs), to date, only around half of them have generated CERs.

Such a lacklustre performance in registering the CDM projects can, at best, be described as a lack of capacity in, among other things, establishing the baseline emissions and writing the project design document (PDD), following the suitable methodologies approved by the UNFCCC. By the time a few people developed the capacity to establish baseline emissions, write PDDs and complete the project cycle until the issuance of CERs, the CDM market collapsed. Prices crashed to $0.65/CER in 2012 against a lucrative price of more than $30/CER in 2008, owing to unsold CERs due to oversupply and lack of demand. Prices stayed low for carbon credits and were less than avoided even for most of the period between 2021 and 2024. Buyers attribute this to a lack of high-quality carbon credit projects. Therefore, many potential local project developers lost their intrinsic motivation to pursue CDM projects.

Lessons from CDM projects

Bangladesh's readiness will dictate how it will fare in the new carbon market regime. The country should decide on, among other things, the potential role of Article 6. Building on its limited experience with CDM, the country should design targeted programmes to develop the capacity of professionals and organisations to implement high-quality greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation projects swiftly.

Furthermore, it should develop policy and regulatory processes to expedite the implementation of projects under Articles 6.2 and 6.4.

The Department of Environment (DoE), which is Bangladesh's designated national authority (DNA) to the UNFCCC, may help in designing and facilitating the country's readiness programme for carbon markets to develop the technical capacity of stakeholders in designing, implementing and monitoring projects. The DoE would also need to establish a national registry and accounting mechanism for the ITMOs to avoid double counting. Bangladesh should highlight its strong commitment to utilise carbon markets to stakeholders, including the private sector.

How Article 6 can benefit Bangladesh

Bangladesh faces challenges in expanding renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and mitigating pollution from sectors like brick and household cooking. Article 6-driven carbon markets present a significant opportunity for the country by creating an additional revenue stream for projects and increasing their commercial viability.

Potential projects for carbon markets

The brick kiln sector, one of the country's largest sources of GHG emissions, will emit 23.98 million tonnes of CO2 in 2030 under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Transitioning to energy-efficient and non-fired brick technologies will drastically cut the sector's CO2 emissions and improve air quality in adjacent areas, but upscaling these expensive technologies will require incentives. International carbon markets may incentivise the quick deployment of these technologies.

The National Action Plan for Clean Cooking shows the country had 29 million biomass-based inefficient cookstoves during 2019-20. Improved cookstove projects can generate considerable carbon revenues.

Bangladesh may further capitalise on carbon markets to promote renewable energy technologies, including battery storage, both in utility-scale and rooftop segments, which under the BAU scenario shows a sluggish trend. Innovative solutions, such as replacing gas boilers with electric ones or heat pumps, can also deliver additional carbon revenue.

Among other things, municipal waste to energy and leakage reduction in the gas distribution systems will likely qualify for carbon revenue.

The apparel industry, which has committed to reducing 30 percent of its GHG emissions by 2030, may consider a combination of approaches—implementing projects locally for part of the mitigation and purchasing the remainder from high-quality projects implemented elsewhere under Article 6.4.

While carbon markets under Article 6 echo the promises that CDM initially showed, Bangladesh needs a clear-sighted approach to benefit from it. This approach should include designing and implementing a readiness programme for carbon markets to develop the capacity of key stakeholders and bridge the knowledge gap. The major stakeholders will then determine which projects to prioritise. However, unclear or poorly defined priorities may limit Bangladesh's success in the new carbon market regime.

Shafiqul Alam is lead energy analyst for Bangladesh at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA).​

 

[Saif]

Climate change and fire risks: Lessons from Southern California for Bangladesh

The 2025 wildfires in Southern California underscored the importance of having well-trained firefighting teams and readily available resources for rapid response.

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Climate change and fire risks: Lessons from Southern California for Bangladesh

The alarming rise in global temperatures has been directly linked to a surge in the frequency and intensity of wildfires. FILE PHOTO: REUTERS

Addressing the intricate relationship between fire incidents and climate change is increasingly crucial, particularly in vulnerable regions like Bangladesh, which faces escalating threats from climate-related events. The alarming rise in global temperatures has been directly linked to a surge in the frequency and intensity of wildfires, illustrating a clear connection between climate instability and fire risks. For instance, the devastating wildfires that swept through Southern California in 2025 serve as a stark reminder of how prolonged drought, extreme heat, and strong winds can combine to create catastrophic fire conditions. These events not only result in the significant destruction of homes and ecosystems but also highlight the urgent need for countries like Bangladesh to understand and prepare for similar outcomes.

As climate change continues to unravel, the impacts become more pronounced, particularly through altered weather patterns that exacerbate fire risks. Rising temperatures lead to prolonged dry spells, which, in turn, dry out vegetation and increase flammability, creating an environment conducive to fire outbreaks. The 2025 Southern California wildfires exemplified how erratic precipitation, coupled with extreme heat, can generate conditions ripe for wildfires, resulting in extensive property and wildlife losses. These patterns are not unique to California; they are increasingly relevant to Bangladesh, where altered rainfall and rising temperatures threaten local ecosystems and agricultural productivity, both of which are vital for food security and economic stability. Other factors, such as rapid urbanisation, deforestation, and unsustainable agricultural practices, could exacerbate this growing threat.

The catastrophic experiences from Southern California serve as a cautionary tale; communities that lacked preparedness faced devastating losses. Similarly, many rural communities in Bangladesh are ill-equipped to handle fire outbreaks, hindered by socio-economic vulnerabilities and limited resources. Effective fire management is further complicated by numerous challenges that Bangladesh faces, including limited resources and inadequate infrastructure. The absence of comprehensive fire management policies and trained personnel severely hampers timely responses to fire outbreaks. The 2025 wildfires in Southern California underscored the importance of having well-trained firefighting teams and readily available resources for rapid response. In contrast, Bangladesh suffers from a general lack of awareness regarding fire risks and prevention strategies, leaving communities vulnerable and emphasising an urgent need for education and capacity-building initiatives.

To enhance resilience against fire risks in the context of climate change, Bangladesh must adopt integrated disaster management strategies that encompass community engagement and education programmes aimed at raising awareness about fire prevention and response. The US has successfully implemented community-based programmes that encourage local residents to become active participants in fire prevention efforts; such initiatives could serve as valuable models for Bangladesh. Additionally, promoting sustainable land-use practices, such as agroforestry and controlled burning, can mitigate fire risks while simultaneously supporting local livelihoods. Governance plays a crucial role in addressing the intertwined challenges of climate change and fire management in Bangladesh.

The wildfires in Southern California demonstrated the necessity of having clear policies and emergency response plans that can be activated during fire outbreaks. Bangladesh must strengthen its policies related to climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction, ensuring these policies are comprehensive and responsive to local needs. Encouraging stakeholder participation at all levels of governance can lead to more effective fire management strategies. Moreover, international collaboration is pivotal in enhancing fire management strategies in Bangladesh. Engaging with global organisations and neighbouring countries can facilitate the exchange of knowledge, resources, and best practices in fire prevention and response. Several developed global countries often collaborate with their international partners for wildfire management, sharing technology and strategies that have proven effective; Bangladesh could greatly benefit from similar partnerships. These collaborations would strengthen Bangladesh's capacity to manage fire incidents effectively and contribute to a more resilient future in the face of climate change.

The urgency of addressing fire risks in the context of climate change in Bangladesh cannot be overstated. As the climate continues to evolve, proactive measures must be prioritised to build resilience within vulnerable communities. The lessons learned from the 2025 Southern California wildfire season, particularly the importance of preparedness, community engagement, and sustainable practices, are critical for Bangladesh. By fostering a culture of preparedness and adaptation, the country can safeguard its environment, protect livelihoods, and enhance the well-being of its people amidst an increasingly uncertain climate landscape.

To reiterate, the interconnected challenges posed by climate change and rising fire risks present a complex dilemma for Bangladesh. The need for comprehensive and integrative strategies that encompass education, policy reform, community engagement, and international cooperation is paramount. As global temperatures continue to rise, and as we witness the consequences of extreme weather patterns, Bangladesh must take proactive steps to mitigate the potential fire risks by fostering resilience at all levels of society. The experiences from regions like Southern California provide valuable lessons that can aid in shaping effective fire management strategies tailored to the unique circumstances faced by Bangladesh. Through concerted efforts in education, policy enhancement, and collaborative initiatives, the country can better prepare for the challenges posed by climate change while protecting its vulnerable communities and natural resources.

Md Ayatullah Khan is doctoral researcher in Department of Geography at Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.​

 

[Saif]

Govt initiates plan to manage dog population, protect biodiversity on St Martin’s

The government has initiated measures to manage the dog population on St Martin's Island to conserve its environment and biodiversity, said Environment Adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan

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Govt initiates plan to manage dog population, protect biodiversity on St Martin’s

Photo: Tanvir Hossain Khan

The government has initiated measures to manage the dog population on St Martin's Island to conserve its environment and biodiversity, Syeda Rizwana Hasan, adviser to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, said today.

Speaking as the chief guest at a session titled "Dog Population Census and KAP Survey to Conserve the Number of Olive Ridley Turtles and Ensure Biodiversity on St Martin's Island," held at the Forest Building in Agargaon, the adviser said that a master plan will be developed in collaboration with relevant government and non-government organisations.

Key speakers at the event included Amir Hossain Chowdhury, chief conservator of forests, and Md Abu Sufian, director of the Department of Livestock. Rubaiya Ahmad, founder of the animal welfare organisation Obhoyaronno, presented the keynote paper titled "Dogs of Saint Martin's Island - Their Present and Future."

In her presentation, Rubaiya outlined a phased Dog Population Management (DPM) programme set to begin in February 2025.

The first phase focuses on creating a policy framework to regulate feeding, restrict the entry of new pets, and ensure the sterilisation of household dogs.

Public awareness campaigns, particularly targeting children, will promote humane behaviour towards dogs.

Subsequent phases include spaying and neutering 50 percent of the dog population by May 2025, implementing a registered feeding programme during the monsoon, and achieving 90 percent sterilisation by November 2025.

By 2026, all female dogs on the island are expected to be spayed, with full sterilisation of the dog population anticipated by 2030.

These initiatives aim to balance biodiversity conservation with humane management of the dog population, ensuring the protection of Olive Ridley turtles and the unique ecosystem of St Martin's Island.​

 

[Saif]

33m schoolchildren affected last year by climate crisis: Unicef

Children in Bangladesh were among the worst affected, with around 33 million facing multiple rounds of school closures

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33m schoolchildren affected last year by climate crisis: Unicef

Photo: Unicef

Extreme weather events, fueled by climate change, disrupted the education of at least 247 million schoolchildren across 77 countries in 2024.

Children in Bangladesh were among the worst affected, with around 33 million facing multiple rounds of school closures.

This was revealed in a first of its kind Unicef report, released yesterday, titled "Learning Interrupted: Global Snapshot of Climate-Related School Disruptions in 2024". According to the report, South Asia was the most affected region.

In Bangladesh, schools were closed countrywide for around two weeks between April and May in 2024 due to nationwide heatwaves that left children at risk of dehydration and heat strokes. Subsequent disruptions happened in several districts later due to cyclone Remal, followed by intense flooding in June, which affected around 18.4 million people in the country, including 7 million children.

Sylhet was the worst-hit district, with more than 6,00,000 learners left without access to education for up to eight weeks, according to Unicef.

Khulna, Chattogram and Rangpur districts also suffered around six weeks of climate-induced school closures in 2024.

"The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events is having a knock-on effect on children's education," said Rana Flowers, Unicef representative to Bangladesh.

"Extreme temperatures and other climate hazards don't only damage schools, they affect students' concentration, memory, and mental and physical health. Prolonged school closures increase the chance of children dropping out and being married off by families to cope with economic stress," he added.

Girl children are mostly impacted, with many of them married off instead of being supported to continue education. Bangladesh ranks among the top 10 countries in the world with the highest percentage of child marriage.

Children in Bangladesh are among the most exposed and vulnerable to climate and environmental hazards according to the Unicef Children's Climate Risk Index. These disasters often exacerbate the country's "learning poverty", where one in two children cannot read at their grade level and two-thirds are unable to do basic counting after completing primary education.

Moreover, some of the brightest children have to give up on their education due to the numerous climate induced disasters.

The report noted that schools and education systems in Bangladesh are largely ill-equipped to protect students from these impacts, while financial investments in education centring climate events remain alarmingly low.

Unicef called on international climate financing institutions and donors, the private sector and the interim government to engage in policy-making and planning in this regard, prioritising the needs of children.

Several recommendations were made including accelerating financing to improve climate resilience in the education sector, ensuring children are engaged in climate decision-making, ensuring proper national climate plans -- including Nationally Determined Contribution 3.0 and the National Adaptation Plan -- strengthening child-critical social services like education to be more climate-smart and disaster-resilient.

"Children in Bangladesh are at the forefront of two interconnected crises -- climate change and deepening learning poverty that threatens their survival and future. As children continue to speak up and call for urgent action on the devastating impacts of the climate crisis, decision-makers must heed their calls and place their needs at the centre of climate policies and financing plans," said Flowers.​

 

[Saif]

Take urgent steps to reactivate the river commission

Why has it not been done over the past five months?

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Take urgent steps to reactivate the river commission
Why has it not been done over the past five months?

VISUAL: STAR

It is deeply concerning that the National River Conservation Commission (NRCC), the so-called guardian of our rivers, remains virtually nonfunctional even though over five months have passed following the fall of the Awami League government. According to a report by Bonik Barta, the interim government revoked the appointment of its then chairman in early September. Since then, this position has remained vacant, as have other posts in the five-member commission (the tenure of the remaining members ended in August). Moreover, several key office posts including secretary and director also remain unfilled. With only a skeleton staff available to keep the lights on, the commission has virtually become a rudderless ship, totally incapable of fulfilling its mandate to prevent river encroachment and pollution.

This is particularly alarming given how—despite there being a non-political government in place and a well-known environmentalist at the helm of the environment ministry—degradation of rivers continues unchecked. The NRCC is supposed to play a leading role in this fight. Established in 2014 following a High Court ruling that granted rivers the status of "living entities," it is supposed to coordinate with all relevant institutions to guide state efforts against any encroachment or pollution, and bring those responsible to book. Unfortunately, even a fully-staffed NRCC could not live up to that expectation, due partly to its lack of power and independence and partly to the non-cooperation of other agencies.

Despite that, activists warn that the current leadership vacuum has left rivers further vulnerable, and it is already having dire consequences. Over the past five months or so, we have witnessed how new politically connected individuals came into the fray to exploit rivers for their own gain. The unchecked pollution of our waterways is another alarming issue, threatening aquatic ecosystems and public health. Despite these pressing concerns, no effective steps have yet been taken to restore the commission's functionality. We, therefore, urge the government to immediately appoint a competent leadership for the NRCC and ensure it has the authority, independence, and resources necessary to carry out its mandate.​

 

[Saif]

Elephant conservation: Govt allocates funds for response teams

The Elephant Response Team is a group of locals assigned by the forest department to mitigate the escalating human-elephant conflict in the region. There are 130 ERTs working under the forest department in the country at present

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Elephant conservation: Govt allocates funds for response teams

The pre-dawn silence in Hajigaon, a village situated on the green hills of Chattogram's Karnaphuli upazila, is often shattered by the distant rumble of a colossal presence.

It's the sound of elephants, the gentle giants venturing out of the dwindling forests, seeking food and space.

For 46-year-old Mohammed Hashem, this is a call to duty.

He starts his day by patrolling through the dense forests, trying to detect the subtle signs of elephant movements.

Hashem is a member of the Elephant Response Team (ERT), a group of locals assigned by the forest department to mitigate the escalating human-elephant conflict in the region.

There are 130 ERTs working under the forest department in the country at present.

Since 2018, Hashem and his fellows have been on the frontlines, working to safeguard both the elephants and the human communities that share their habitat.

The ERT's main task is to identify elephants before they encroach upon human settlements, gently guiding them back to their natural habitat.

Despite their efforts, Hashem, like his fellow ERT members, has never received any financial support from the government.

All they get is a uniform, pair of shoes and whistle.

"We are working to save elephants from poachers. We also protect residents and their wealth from elephant attacks," Hashem said.

"We face risks, from potential elephant attacks to the dangers of navigating the dense jungle," Hashem adds, "yet we received no financial support from the government," he says.

Without a formal framework or any form of supervision, the teams operated with limited accountability, sometimes leading to unforeseen incidents.

However, this may change soon. The government has recently allocated Tk 45 lakh for 50 ERTs at Anwara and Karnaphuli upazila of Chattogram.

"It will allow us to pay the ERT members, ensuring their commitment and enabling us to hold them accountable for their duties," said Abu Naser Md Yasin Newaz, divisional forest officer.

Imran Ahmed, conservator of the Wildlife and Nature Conservation Region, said, "While the initial allocation may not be substantial, it symbolises a significant shift in government policy and paves the way for increased support in the future."

HUMAN-ELEPHANT COEXISTENCE UNDER THREAT

The country has 268 resident critically endangered Asian elephants. Most of them live in Chattogram, Cox's Bazar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, according to 2016 Forest Department data.

The destruction of habitats, corridors, and food sources is fueling elephant invasions and increasing human-wildlife conflict across the country.

Due to this conflict, 248 people died in elephant attacks between 2013-14 and 2022-23, while poachers killed at least 50 elephants in the last five years, according to the Forest Department.

Wildlife experts urged the government to develop a sustainable solution to reduce the conflict.

Mohammad Abdul Aziz, professor of Zoology at Jahangirnagar University and a member of the Elephant Specialist Group of South Asia, described the recent government allowance as a temporary solution.

He said elephants enter human settlements when they feel disturbed or experience a loss of food sources.

People then attempt to chase them away, which exacerbates the conflict.

"Therefore, we need to conserve elephant habitats, corridors, and their food sources for a sustainable solution," he added.​

 

[Saif]

Bishkhali River: Encroachment, legal dispute delay dredging

The Bangladesh Water Development Board launched the Tk 45 crore project in 2023 to dredge a 24-km stretch between Morrelganj and Kachua upazilas, aiming to resolve water shortages and boost agricultural productivity

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Bishkhali River: Encroachment, legal dispute delay dredging

Photo: Star

Around 25 percent of the dredging work on the Bishkhali River in Bagerhat remains incomplete, despite the project deadline expiring last month, due to illegal encroachments and property disputes.

The Bangladesh Water Development Board launched the Tk 45 crore project in 2023 to dredge a 24-km stretch between Morrelganj and Kachua upazilas, aiming to resolve water shortages and boost agricultural productivity. The project was initially set to be completed by December 2024. However, with approximately 3km still undredged, the deadline has been extended to December 2025.

BWDB officials attributed the delays to illegal structures built on river land and legal disputes in areas such as Ramchandrapur and Sagorkathi.

In Sagorkathi, Abul Bashar claimed ownership of land occupied by a house, cemetery, and mosque. "We are the rightful owners as per SA and BS records. Without compensation or rehabilitation, we cannot allow dredging on our purchased land. We have already filed a court case," he said.

In Ramchandrapur, Marjina Begum said her family had purchased two kathas of land to build a house, unaware it would be reclaimed for river excavation. "We never knew the government would claim this property. Now we are left with nothing," she said.

Abu Raihan Mohammad Al Biruni, BWDB's executive engineer in Bagerhat, said that dredging is proceeding based on the river's CS records.

"Notices and public announcements were issued to illegal occupiers. Legal action will be taken if they do not remove the structures," he said. The BWDB has yet to receive court notice on Bashar's case, he added.

Once a vital waterway, the Bishkhali has suffered heavy siltation from years of neglect, causing severe irrigation water shortages.

Shankar Kumar Majumdar, deputy director of the Department of Agricultural Extension in Bagerhat, said that Aman paddy is currently cultivated on 26,000 hectares in Morrelganj, Kachua, and Sharankhola upazilas, but only 9,000 hectares are used for Boro cultivation due to water scarcity.

"If dredging is completed, around 20,000 hectares of cropland can be cultivated during the Rabi season," he said.​

 

[Saif]

Crocodile fitted with satellite transmitter released in the Sundarbans

The seven-foot-long, 12-year-old crocodile was released in the wild in the presence of officials from the Forest Department.

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Crocodile fitted with satellite transmitter released in the Sundarbans

Photo: Collected

A crocodile fitted with a satellite transmitter was released into the Charaputia canal of the Sundarbans East Forest Division yesterday afternoon.

The seven-foot-long, 12-year-old crocodile was released in the wild in the presence of officials from the Forest Department.

and Sarwar Alam Dipu, manager and project coordinator of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), along with other staff.

Speaking on the occasion, Azad Kabir, officer-in-charge of the Karamjal Wildlife Breeding Centre, said, "Through this research, we aim to gather data on the movement patterns, behaviour, and dietary habits of crocodiles. The population of crocodiles in the Sundarbans is steadily declining, and their reproductive capacity is also diminishing.

"This study is expected to contribute significantly to understanding their habits and improving their reproduction rates, ultimately aiding in the conservation of crocodiles in the Sundarbans."

This initiative is part of an ongoing research programme.

Earlier, between March 13 and 16, 2024, four saltwater crocodiles were fitted with satellite transmitters and released at four different locations within the Sundarbans.​

 

[Saif]

DRIVE AT POLYTHENE FACTORY: DoE director hurt in attack

A director of the Department of Environment was injured in an attack by workers during a drive at a Polythene factory at Islambagh in the capital’s Chawkbazar area Sunday afternoon.

www.newagebd.net

DRIVE AT POLYTHENE FACTORY: DoE director hurt in attack
Staff Correspondent 27 January, 2025, 00:06

A director of the Department of Environment was injured in an attack by workers during a drive at a Polythene factory at Islambagh in the capital’s Chawkbazar area Sunday afternoon.

The victim, Md Sawqat Ali, 42, is a deputy secretary and the DoE director for enforcement and monitoring.

He was taken to Dhaka Medical College Hospital at about 2:45pm, said DMCH police outpost in-charge Md Faruk.

‘His different parts of the face and nose were affected in the attack. The official left the hospital after taking treatment in the ENT department,’ said Faruk.

Chawkbazar police station officer-in-charge Rezaul Karim said that the incident took place at about 12:30pm.

‘Members of the police and the Rapid Action Battalion were assisting the DoE during the drive. Filing a case in this connection is underway,’ he said.

DoE executive magistrate Rubina Ferdousi who led the drive told reporters at DMCH that they seized goods and sealed off the factory.

‘The factory workers attacked us when we came out of the factory and an official was injured in the attack,’ Rubina said.​

 

[Saif]

The nexus of unplanned urbanization and pollution

Dhaka, the bustling center of Bangladesh, faces severe challenges due to rapid growth. The morning sun struggles to pierce through thick smog, as unregulated development pollutes the air. The Air Quality Index (AQI) often ranks among the worst worldwide, with residents exposed to harmful dust and e

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

The nexus of unplanned urbanization and pollution
Md Abdul Latif and Sabila Binta Saif Sondhi
Published :
Jan 27, 2025 21:44
Updated :
Jan 27, 2025 21:44

Dhaka, the bustling center of Bangladesh, faces severe challenges due to rapid growth. The morning sun struggles to pierce through thick smog, as unregulated development pollutes the air. The Air Quality Index (AQI) often ranks among the worst worldwide, with residents exposed to harmful dust and emissions. On January 4, 2025, reports indicated Dhaka's AQI reached 493, far beyond the hazardous level of 301, highlighting an urgent environmental crisis. Despite its rise as a megacity, pollution remains a critical issue. Rapid urbanization has led to economic growth but has also caused significant environmental harm. Once-promising streets are now overwhelmed by traffic and waste, indicating a city at a crucial juncture. This underscores failures in urban planning and governance. This op-ed examines the link between Dhaka's growth and its environmental issues, calling for a reevaluation of urban strategies to safeguard residents' health and future.

The rapid growth of Dhaka mirrors its economic aspirations. With over 22 million residents, Bangladesh's capital has experienced remarkable urbanization. As of 2023, the urbanization rate of the country has been reported as 40.47 per cent of which, majority of the population resides in Dhaka city. Research mentioned that averaging an annual growth rate, the capital city grew by 8 per cent from 1991 to 2019. During this time, the outskirts expanded by 43 per cent, with built-up areas increasing by 234 km², while the city itself grew by about 116 km². Migration drives this urban expansion, as people from rural areas flock to the city for jobs, education, and better living standards. Dhaka serves as the epicenter for economic, educational, healthcare, and urban services in Bangladesh, housing numerous tertiary institutions and a thriving garment industry among the largest globally. The promise of employment in factories, service sectors, and informal economies draws millions of rural migrants seeking improved livelihoods.

Dhaka's rapid urbanization has been alarmingly swift, yet it lacks effective urban planning, comprehensive strategies, and proper infrastructure development. The city's growth has been largely reactive, resulting in chaotic expansion with minimal public input and disregard for long-term sustainability and the diverse needs of its population. This has led to numerous informal settlements where millions lack secure tenure and basic services. The absence of clear zoning regulations has caused overlapping residential, commercial, and industrial areas.

Dhaka has undergone rapid and unplanned growth, leading to chaotic spatial expansion and significant socio-spatial divisions. This unregulated development has resulted in high-density urban living, straining housing and urban services. Low-lying areas designated for flood retention have been filled by land developers, increasing the city's vulnerability to flooding. The consequences of unplanned urbanization have culminated in a severe pollution crisis, threatening the health and well-being of residents and undermining environmental sustainability.

The construction sector is the primary contributor to Dhaka's pollution, accounting for 30 of the total. During winter, construction activities intensify, exacerbating air quality deterioration and raising the Air Quality Index (AQI) levels. Poor regulation allows construction sites to release significant dust, while outdated brick kilns emit harmful particulate matter.

The industrial sector is another major contributor to air pollution in Dhaka, responsible for 29 per cent of emissions. As the city experiences economic growth, its burgeoning industries, particularly brick kilns, produce billions of bricks annually to meet rising demand.

The surge in population has also led to a dramatic increase in the number of vehicles, resulting in higher CO2 emissions and deteriorating air quality. From diesel-spewing buses to gas-guzzling private cars, the exhaust from these vehicles releases harmful substances like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) into the atmosphere. The vehicular sector contributes 15 per cent to the city's air pollution. In many areas being rapidly urbanized areas, underdeveloped or nonexistent public transportation systems force residents to rely on personal vehicles, further exacerbating emissions. The lack of efficient public transport options discourages walking or cycling, compounding the pollution issue.

The consequences of poor urban planning are evident in the severe traffic congestion that plagues the city. Vehicles often sit idle for extended periods, increasing emissions and prolonging travel times. This not only diminishes productivity but also intensifies the overall pollution problem, creating a cycle that jeopardizes the quality of life for Dhaka's inhabitants.

Unplanned growth has led to the over-exploitation of groundwater resources, resulting in a significant decline in piezometric levels and threatening the sustainability of water resources in the city. Additionally, unprecedented expansion frequently overwhelms existing waste management systems. Inadequate infrastructure for waste collection, treatment and disposal leads to littering and illegal dumping, contributing to land and water pollution. Decomposing waste emits harmful gases, such as methane, further impacting air quality.

Air pollution in Dhaka is not merely an environmental issue; it is a public health catastrophe. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) alone is responsible for thousands of premature deaths annually in Bangladesh. The World Bank estimates that air pollution cost Bangladesh nearly 3.9-4.4 per cent of its GDP in the year 2019, with Dhaka bearing a significant share of this loss. Unplanned urbanization has resulted in environmental conditions that pose serious health risks, such as air pollution, poor water and sanitation, and overcrowding. These issues lead to respiratory diseases and waterborne illnesses, increasing health risks for residents and burdening healthcare systems, which diminishes overall quality of life. Additionally, factors like poverty and limited access to healthcare worsen this decline. Socioeconomic determinants, including income inequality and insufficient healthcare resources, further amplify the health risks faced by urban populations.

The nexus of unplanned urbanization and pollution in Dhaka demonstrates how short-term gains create long-term challenges. The cycle of pollution is exacerbated by traffic congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and poor waste management. To resolve these issues, comprehensive planning is essential. Dhaka requires policies that prioritize decentralization over mere growth. A cohesive national and local policy, supported by an active city government, is crucial for addressing the city's multifaceted crisis. Effective strategies should improve urban planning, infrastructure, and governance to mitigate health risks associated with pollution and urbanization. Furthermore, addressing socioeconomic disparities and ensuring equitable healthcare access are critical. Urban planning should embrace diversity and inclusivity to create cohesive, affordable neighborhoods.

In summary, a comprehensive and inclusive approach to urban planning is vital for transforming Dhaka into a resilient city that prioritizes the health and well-being of its citizens while tackling the challenges of rapid urbanization and pollution.

Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, additional director of Bangladesh Institute of Governance and Management (BIGM) and Ms. Sabila Binta Saif Sondhi is research associate at BIGM​

 

[Saif]

Rethinking anti-polythene drive

A director of the Department of Environment (DoE) was reportedly seriously injured in an attack allegedly by the workers from an illegal polythene factory in the Chowkbazar area of Old Dhaka on Sunday (January 26). The said DoE official along with others was returning after carrying out a raid, rep

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Rethinking anti-polythene drive
SYED FATTAHUL ALIM
Published :
Jan 27, 2025 21:18
Updated :
Jan 27, 2025 21:21

A director of the Department of Environment (DoE) was reportedly seriously injured in an attack allegedly by the workers from an illegal polythene factory in the Chowkbazar area of Old Dhaka on Sunday (January 26). The said DoE official along with others was returning after carrying out a raid, reportedly, led by a deputy secretary of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) on the polythene factory in question. The first question that comes to mind is what the police force accompanying the MoEFCC's enforcement team was doing when the violence took place so that the attackers could get away with looting, as reported, a truck laden with confiscated materials from the polythene factory that was sealed by law enforcers? Obviously, the attack was reprehensible and against the law since the DoE officials were carrying out a government order as part of the nationwide campaign against production, marketing and use of polythene that started on November 3 last year. Notably, the ban on the use, production, marketing and transportation of polythene bags was first imposed in 2002 in exercise of the Environmental Conservation Act, 1995. And there are provisions of stringent penal measures including prison term and fine for production and marketing of polythene. Sadly, the ban soon lost its efficacy and within just four years, the use of polythene again started in 2006. It hardly needs explaining that just enunciation of a law is not enough for its implementation however harsh it may be in its wording. Two issues have dogged the law against polythene from the outset. And those have to do with the economy of polythene and the lack of alternative products to replace polythene such as in the form of bags and various packaging materials. The economy of polythene is huge as according to the Bangladesh Plastic Goods Manufacturers Association, there are 6,000 industrial units in this sector that employ some 500,000 workers. For encouraging the use of jute bags and other jute products as an alternative to polythene, a law was enacted in 2010. But the production of bags and other packaging materials with jute was neither adequate to meet the demand, nor was it cost-effective.

The cabinet division, for instance, on September 5 last year, instructed all government offices to stop the use of single-use plastics and introduce environment-friendly alternatives instead. Later, from October 1 last year, the government banned the use of polythene and polypropylene shopping bags in all superstores. The government order did indeed stimulate production of eco-friendly bags from jute and other biodegradable materials by some small-scale business units. But they could not produce enough bags to meet the demand of the superstores. Worse yet, those business units are facing shortage of fabrics to make bags and at the same time, the prices of jute and cotton fabrics have shot up suddenly. As a result, the production costs of these biodegradable cotton bags increased rendering them less cost-effective. In that case, what alternatives are there before the major consumers of bags and packaging materials to replace plastics such as polythene? The manufacturers of the banned polythene bags, on their part, also use a similar logic to justify themselves saying that since there is demand for single-use poly bags, they are meeting the market demand knowing full well that they are violating law.

So, one should not be surprised by the fact that a large number of unlicensed small-scale factories are producing polythene and other plastic items in the Chowkbazar, Debidas lane of Old Dhaka, Churihatta, Lalbagh and Kamrangir Char areas of the city. Even the DoE knows it, said a report.

Do not these facts militate against the success of the anti-polythene drive that began more than two decades ago?

In that case, should one be surprised by Sunday's attack on an enforcement team of DoE?​

 

[Saif]

Sundarbans, the protector, threatened by poison

Adding to this is the exploitation by unscrupulous individuals. Today, the Sundarbans itself is in danger due to these combined threats

en.prothomalo.com

Sundarbans, the protector, threatened by poison
Today, the Sundarbans itself is in danger due to these combined threats. Read the Prothom Alo investigation report
Emtiaz Uddin
Koyra, Khulna
Published: 28 Jan 2025, 19: 41

Unscrupulous fishermen are setting up small net traps across the creeks from one end to the other in the Sundarbans. As the tide recedes during low tide, they pour pesticides into the creeks, killing the fish. This is happening in a wildlife sanctuary in the western part of the Sundarbans. Prothom Alo

The Sundarbans is facing severe cyclones one after another caused by climate change. However, it is not just storms and tidal surges causing harm. Rising salinity and temperature, along with new diseases and pests, are damaging the country’s greatest protector. Adding to this is the exploitation by unscrupulous individuals. Today, the Sundarbans itself is in danger due to these combined threats.

According to an investigation by Prothom Alo, the greatest danger in the Sundarbans at the moment is the competition among fishermen to catch fish using poison. At least three powerful quarters are behind this illegal activity. One group includes fish traders, known as "company mahajans," who control certain fishermen and encourage them to use poison to quickly catch large quantities of fish. Another group is comprised of corrupt forest guards who take bribes from these traders, allowing them to poison the rivers and canals in wildlife sanctuaries. Recently, forest pirates have also joined in, working with these groups. Some journalists are reportedly assisting them.

The officer-in-charge of the Hadda patrol station in the Sundarbans, Sabit Mahmud, said, "When he meets fishermen in the forest, many of them refer to their "mahajan", a journalist. I recently heard about a journalist from the Koyra upazila, who became a millionaire by being involved in the illegal business of catching fish fry in the Sundarbans."

A forest officer said that many people identifying themselves as journalists take allowances from forest stations every month. This practice has been going on for years.

In 2018, many forest pirates who had surrendered became inactive, but with the support of dishonest fish traders, they have now returned to the Sundarbans. These pirates offer protection to the fishermen working for the company mahajans, while robbing others. This has led to a significant increase in poisoning and fishing activities in the Sundarbans.

Govinda Mandal, a fisherman from the northern Bedkashi area of Koyra, has been fishing in the Sundarbans' rivers and canals for the past 55 years. He told Prothom Alo, "There was no tradition to use poison for fishing in the past. There were plenty of fish at that time. But for the past five to six years, poison has been entering the forest, and now, there are fewer fish, and even the birds are not available."

A bottle of pesticide is lying on the banks of the canal. Recently, this was seen in the Petkatar canal area near the Koyra River in the Sundarbans. Prothom Alo

Sundarbans turns blue in poison

In favour of a private organisation, Md Shah Paran works on a project related to the “Assessment of the Aquatic Resources of the Sundarbans”

He told Prothom Alo, “For eight months, I’ve been visiting the fish markets near the Sundarbans in Koyra every day, counting the fish species. However, most of the fish brought to the market are caught using poison. The smell of poison is especially strong in shrimp. Locals don’t eat the fish from the Sundarbans. The poisonous fish are all transported by truck to Dhaka and other districts of the country.”

The Forest Conservator of the Khulna region, Mihir Kumar Doe said, “At various times, we have seized bottles of poison or poisoned fish from dishonest fishermen in the Sundarbans. We’ve found that most of the poison is used to kill pests on vegetables and plants. Fishermen use two types of poison: one for white fish and another for shrimp. Some poisons, when mixed with water, create an oxygen deficiency, causing the fish to weaken and die. If birds eat the dead fish or crabs, they can also die. Consuming such fish would certainly harm the human body.”

Shrimp caught with poison are turned into dried fish at this factory. They are then sent to Dhaka and other parts of the country. Recently, this was seen in the village of Deyara, near the Sundarbans in Koyra, Khulna. Prothom Alo

Following the Forest Conservator’s remarks, several pesticide-selling shops in the Koyra area near the Sundarbans were visited. A variety of pesticides were being sold in large quantities. Some people, who don’t even own a piece of land for cultivation, were seen buying pesticides. One seller revealed that fishermen from the Sundarbans often buy pesticides like Diamgro, Fighter, Ripcord, and Pesicol, claiming they use them on plants or vegetables. Discussions with local sources revealed that poisons containing chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin kill both white fish and shrimp. On the other hand, poison containing only cypermethrin kills only shrimp.

Prothom Alo spoke with several individuals who had served jail term for fishing with poison. Speaking on the condition of anonymity, one fisherman at the South Bedkashi area of Koyra, said, “I started using poison to catch a lot of fish in a short period a few years ago. When the tidal waters fill the canals in the forest, we set traps at both ends with small nets. Then, when the tide recedes, we pour pesticides like Nitro and Ripcord into the traps. The fish surface within a few minutes.”

The fishermen also mentioned that, at times, it becomes difficult to bring poisoned shrimp to the local markets. In such cases, they dry the shrimp in the forest itself. They cut trees deep inside the forest to make temporary platforms, where they set fire to pieces of wood underneath and dry the shrimp. The dried shrimp are then tactfully sent to Mongla.

Gaurang Nandi, Chairman of the Center for Environment and Participatory Research (CEPR), said that the use of poison in the rivers and canals of the Sundarbans is causing significant damage not only to aquatic life but also to the mangrove forest.

He said, “The types of poison fishermen spray in the Sundarbans are mainly used for pest control on fruits and crops. This toxic water is absorbed by the trees through their roots, leading to harmful effects on them. Consuming these poisoned fish is also causing long-term health issues in humans, including cancer.” He stressed the need for specific research on the matter.

Collusion between companies and forest officials

Md Jahangir Sardar, a resident of Koyra village near the Sundarbans, is one of the fishermen who secretly enter the sanctuary by bribing forest officials under the guise of having legal permission. He told Prothom Alo, “I’ve been fishing in the forest since childhood. But the bribe required by the Forest Department keeps increasing. A few years ago, they used to take Tk 1,000 for every seven days, but now it’s Tk 5,000 per boat. Through middlemen, we pay bribes to forest rangers to enter the protected areas and catch fish to cover the cost.”

The Sundarbans, covering an area of 6,017 square kilometers in Bangladesh, has nearly 3,200 square kilometers designated as a sanctuary.

Forest Conservator at the Khulna region, Mihir Kumar Doe said that more than half of the Sundarbans' sanctuary areas are completely off-limits to fishermen.

However, local fishermen, honey collectors, and community leaders revealed that illegal fishing with poison occurs throughout the year across the forest, especially in the sanctuary areas where more fish are found. The fishing spots are controlled by the company middlemen.

There are allegations that if any fisherman attempts to fish in the sanctuary areas without being part of this syndicate, forest department officials will have them arrested. To fish with poison without interference, a fisherman must be listed with a company middleman. This has become an unwritten rule in the areas surrounding the Sundarbans.

Local fishermen from Koyra, Paikgachha, and Dakop upazilas said that about 25 to 30 businessmen secretly collaborate with forest officials to catch fish and crabs year-round. Some of the well-known company middlemen include Zulfiqar Ali, Lutfor Rahman, Rezaul Karim, Saheb Ali, Amirul Islam, Nur Hossain, Habibullah, Abu Musa, Majed, Kamrul, Mintu, Halim, Rajab Ali, Bashar, Masum, Mofizul, Mozafar, Abdul Khalek, Zahir Member, Ashraful Islam, Shahazul, and Riyasad Ali.

Abu Musa, a company middleman, acknowledged his involvement in sending fishermen to the sanctuary to carry on the illegal trade. However, he suggested that to stop the use of poison in the forest, the sanctuary areas should be divided among the middlemen. He explained that one middleman’s area should not allow others to enter. Forest officials transfer responsibility from one person to another as soon as they receive a larger bribe. After catching fish for one cycle, since there is uncertainty about being able to fish again, the middlemen give the fishermen poison to use.

When asked about which companies’ middlemen fish in the restricted areas of the Sundarbans, Abu Musa said, “The largest middlemen in the Sundarbans are Zahir Member and Babul from the Dakop area. They control 200 to 250 boats in the sanctuary. Zahir pays Tk 13,000 per boat to the forest officials to catch fish and crabs in the restricted areas like Neelkamal, Patkosta, and Bhomorkhali. My boats, which number 8-10, operate in Bhomorkhali, and we pay Tk 10,000 per boat to the forest officials. Other middlemen like Kamrul, Mozaffar, Jamal Mondol, Tutul, and Mustafiz are also involved.”

Abu Musa added, “The wealthiest businessman in Koyra is Riyasad Ali, who has the best connections with the forest officials. Without him, it’s impossible to enter the restricted areas with boats.”

When the names of these businessmen were mentioned, a responsible forest official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, told Prothom Alo, “We know all these businessmen. However, it is difficult to catch them red-handed inside the Sundarbans. We also face staff shortages and many limitations.”

Smell of poison in the fish market

June, July, and August are the breeding seasons for wildlife and fish in the Sundarbans. During this period, the forest department imposes restrictions on fishing in the rivers and canals of the forest, as well as on tourists entering the forest. However, this year, during the closed season, illegal activities such as poisoning fish and hunting deer in the Sundarbans have significantly increased compared to other times, according to residents living near the Sundarbans.

An investigation into this began on 12 July last year. At that time, entry for fishermen in the Sundarbans was strictly prohibited. But on that very day, it was heard in the village of Gariyabari in Koyra that a local man named Bhobachandra Das had been taken away by a tiger in the forest. On 20 July, Bhobachandra’s nephew, Tapas Das, reported that 11 other people were hunting crabs deep in the forest area of Bhomorkhali with his uncle.

The Bhomorkhali area falls under the jurisdiction of the forest department's Nalian Forest Station. When the forest officer, Tanzilur Rahman, was contacted about the issue, he promised to conduct a swift raid in the area. However, shortly after, an unknown person called and warned, “You asked the forest officer to raid Bhomorkhali. This is not a good development.” It became clear that illegal activities were happening with the cooperation of the forest officers.

The businessmen mentioned, we know all of them. But it is difficult to catch them red-handed inside the Sundarbans. Besides, we face a shortage of manpower and many other limitations.

A responsible forest officer on condition of anonymity

Regarding entry into the forest during the closed season, fisherman Akbarul Islam from Koyra said, “If the forest department doesn't want it, the fishermen wouldn't even be able to touch the water of a canal in the Sundarbans. I had to bribe a forest officer just to collect honey."

In the morning on 13 July, a visit to the fish market in Doulia Bazar of Koyra confirmed Akbarul’s statement. The market had not opened yet, but fish from nearby enclosures had already arrived, along with crabs from the Sundarbans. Within half an hour, the market became filled with fish and people. Shrimp, betki, jaba, sillet, payra, datina, and many other types of fish were arriving. Several fish traders, sitting in a tea shop, mentioned that most of the fish were caught illegally in the Sundarbans using poison and illegal nets.

At the market, several trucks were seen standing. The drivers said that they would be taking the fish from the market to Dhaka. At the crab market, there was also hustle and bustle. Bags filled with crabs from the Sundarbans were being measured and tied. This was happening during the period when entry into the forest was prohibited.

Fisherman Mobarak Hossain from Maheshwaripur said, “Even though the government announced the season closed for three months, illegal fishing with poison has continued through secret agreement with forest officers. For catching fish with small nets, they charged Tk 800; for deer hunting Tk 5,000; for catching fish with poison in a 'vesali' net Tk 3,000; and for hunting crabs, forest guards have been taking Tk 3,000 per day for four consecutive days.”

At 9:30am, a shrimp-laden van left the Doulia Bazaar fish market. The reporter, carefully following the van, saw it stop at the side of the road near the village of Deyara in Maharajpur union, Koyra. Several people took the shrimp from the van to a two-room house some distance from the main road. Inside the house, a few hundred kilograms of shrimp were spread on bamboo platforms, emitting a strong smell of poison. Nearby, piles of red dried fish were stacked, and smoke was rising from pieces of wood below the platforms.

When asked who owned the factory, an elderly woman introduced herself as Sofia Begum, a worker there. She said this land belongs to Mukul Gazi from Maharajpur area. He is given Tk 3,000 as rent monthly. She also revealed that the factory was run by Jalal Sheikh from Maheshwaripur, and Noor Box Gazi in Maharajpur supplies the shrimp caught with poison. The factory had been operating for three years, and 245 kg of shrimp had been brought that day. Sofia mentioned that each kg of dried fish was sold for Tk 1,400, and traders took it to various places, including Dhaka.

In a nearby house, dried shrimp were laid out on bamboo racks, and a strong, pungent odor was in the air. The room had an odd smell from the poison used on the shrimp, and freshly made dried fish was stacked nearby.

Unraveling the mystery of the arrest

When questioned about the inaction of the forest department and their alleged collusion with criminals, a forest officer at the Kashiabad Forest Station in Koyra, Nirmal Mondal, said: “The local panel chairman Lutfor, businessman Amirul, Jamal, and others have come to me at least three times asking me to allow their fishing boats into the forest during the closed season. They also made underhand proposals, but I refused. The allegations against me are not true.”

According to forest-dependent fishermen, forest officers do not take money directly from them. Instead, they receive payments through middlemen, called “company traders.” When fishermen are caught or fined, these traders pay the fines on their behalf, and later, the money is deducted from the fishermen’s earnings.

Recently, six fishermen from Koyra were arrested for fishing with two boats in the Bhomorkhali area. One of the detained fishermen's uncle, Jahid Hossain, told Prothom Alo that earlier, there was an outstanding payment of Tk 10,000 for these two boats from a previous agreement with the forest department. Since they didn't pay, the fishermen were tactfully arrested, and cases were filed against them.

Another detained fisherman Mithun Sarder's relative Mustafa Hossain said that the arrested fishermen had told them that their two boats contained about 200 kg of white fish and 60-70 kg of shrimp. The forest guards took all the fish, and after holding the fishermen for two days, they couldn't pay the fine, so the authorities planted poison bottles on them and sent them to court.

A fish trader from Palli Mangal village in Koyra, Mostafizur Rahman, mentioned, “We lease canals in the Sundarbans from the forest guards, but problems arise when big businessmen pay higher amounts to push out smaller traders. In such incidents, cases are filed against us.”

When asked, Abdul Hakim, the officer-in-charge of the Bhomorkhali Patrol Camp, said, “We don’t allow fishing with poison, so the fishermen falsely accuse the forest guards. We only follow orders from senior officers.”

Since the government change on 5 August, many things have shifted in the Sundarbans. The Assistant Forest Conservator of the Khulna Range, AZM Hasanur Rahman, was appointed as the Divisional Officer of the Sundarbans West Forest Division.

When asked, he said, "Forest guards have no connection with crimes related to forest resources and claimed that fabricated complaints were made by people who could not get illegal advantages."

Return of the forest bandits

Since 5 August, one of the most alarming changes in the Sundarbans has been the resurgence of forest bandits. According to forest dwellers, some unscrupulous fish and crab traders are fueling the activities of the bandits.

These traders are controlling canals in the protected areas of the Sundarbans and are sending the bandits into the forest to catch fish using poison. While the bandits hold ordinary fishermen hostage, they do not harass those fishermen who work under the influential traders.

Fishermen say that many groups that had surrendered in 2018 have returned to banditry in the Sundarbans. In particular, the activities of the Majnu group, Sharif group, Dayal group, Rabiul group, Abdullah group, Manjur group, and Masum Billah group have increased in the western Sundarbans. These bandit groups have reportedly connection with the poison-fishing syndicates.

Forest dwellers claim that some unscrupulous fish and crab traders are behind the bandits. They are controlling the canals in the restricted areas of the Sundarbans and using the bandits to fish with poison. While the bandits hold ordinary fishermen hostage, they do not bother the fishermen working under the traders.

Several fishermen from the Goryabari of Koyra, speaking on the condition of anonymity, told Prothom Alo that fish and crab traders from the Dacope and Koyra regions are sending fishermen into the restricted areas to catch fish and crabs. There is a rivalry between the traders from these two areas over control of the territory. The bandit group close to the traders in Dacope is the Mama-Bhagne group, while the group in Koyra is the Rabiul group.

In the past month, several fishermen from Koyra have paid ransom to be freed from the bandits' captivity. Among them, fishermen like Saleman Molla, Nazrul Gazi, Sushanto Rapton, and Imamuddin shared that they had to pay at least Tk 20,000 to secure their release. Each bandit group consists of 10-12 members, all of whom are armed. They hunt deer to meet their food demands daily.

On 6 January, Rajab Ali, a fisherman from village No. 6 in Koyra, returned to his area after being freed from the bandits. He shared that he was held hostage for two days before being released by the bandits, who left his younger brother, Riazul Islam, behind.

Rajab Ali further mentioned, "The bandits are overseeing the fishermen controlled by the traders who spread poison to catch fish. Whenever they find a network inside the forest, they contact the traders by phone."

Imdadul Haque, the OC of Koyra police station, stated, “Since the political change, I’ve heard that notorious criminals who escaped from the Satkhira jail, as well as bandits who had surrendered six years ago, have returned to banditry. We are looking into the old forest bandits. If anyone tries to instill fear in the Sundarbans, they will be dealt with firmly."

*This report, originally published in Prothom Alo print and online editions, has been rewritten in English by Rabiul Islam.​

 

[Saif]

US walks away from Paris deal

ON HIS first day back in office, US president Donald Trump reignited a controversial chapter of American climate policy by notifying the United Nations of his administration’s intention to exit the Paris Climate agreement — for a second time. This echoes his first term, when the US formally...

www.newagebd.net

US walks away from Paris deal
Mohammed Norul Alam Raju 31 January, 2025, 00:00

ON HIS first day back in office, US president Donald Trump reignited a controversial chapter of American climate policy by notifying the United Nations of his administration’s intention to exit the Paris Climate agreement — for a second time. This echoes his first term, when the US formally withdrew from the accord in 2020, only for Joe Biden to reverse the decision in 2021. Trump, however, remains steadfast in his belief that the agreement is ‘unfair and one-sided,’ making climate policy a key battleground in his political narrative.

The Trump administration argued that the accord that united nearly 200 nations imposed disproportionate burdens on the US, citing potential economic disadvantages, job losses, and costs to the coal and fossil fuel industries. It also claimed the agreement allowed countries such as China and India to continue polluting while allegedly undermining US competitiveness. This withdrawal, which will take one year to execute, will leave the US among a small group of non-signatories, including Iran, Libya, and Yemen.

The Paris climate agreement, adopted in 2015, aimed to combat climate change by limiting global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Nations committed to voluntary targets for reducing emissions, known as nationally determined contributions, and pledged to enhance these targets every five years. For the US, this meant ambitious goals: cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 61–66 per cent by 2035, a pathway to net-zero emissions by 2050.

Trump’s executive order claimed that this Accord, along with other international agreements, fails to align with US values and ‘redirects’ American taxpayer dollars ‘to nations that neither need nor deserve such financial assistance’. Instead of adhering to a collective global framework, Trump argued that the US’s track record of balancing economic growth with environmental goals should serve as a model for other countries.

Declaring an ‘energy emergency,’ he revived his infamous mantra, ‘drill, baby, drill,’ and pledged to roll back what he labelled as Biden’s electric vehicle mandate. He contended that the US should not undermine its industries while nations like China continue to pollute without consequence. ‘China uses a lot of dirty energy but produces a lot of energy,’ he claimed, adding, ‘When that stuff goes up in the air, it doesn’t stay there... It floats into the United States of America after three-and-a-half to five-and-a-half days.’

The political dimension of Trump’s decision cannot be ignored. The 2024 US presidential election witnessed over $4 billion in contributions to candidates’ campaign committees and external groups supporting them. According to Yale Climate Connections, the fossil fuel industry spent $219 million to influence the outcome of the election. Much of the money in politics is directed to political action committees and political party committees rather than specific candidates. Notably, 88 per cent of contributions from the fossil fuel industry went to Republicans. These figures represent only reported contributions, with actual sums potentially much higher. In recent years, the US became the world’s largest gas producer, and 2023 witnessed a record issuance of 758 oil and gas drilling licences.

A critical question is how the US withdrawal will affect the global climate accord.

The US has significantly increased its funding for climate initiatives in recent years. This funding originates from various sources, including the US government, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the department of agriculture. In 2023, the US provided $9.5 billion in international climate finance, marking a six-fold increase from 2021. The US also implemented numerous climate programs, including climate pollution reduction grants, community change grant program and emergency plan for adaptation and resilience. Most of this funding was allocated to adaptation, clean energy, and sustainable landscapes. The US withdrawal from the Paris agreement is expected to impact the implementation of these programs on the ground.

Donald Trump’s initial decision to withdraw the US from the Paris agreement during his first term served as a wake-up call for the European Union and significantly influenced its climate ambitions. The US withdrawal created a leadership void in global climate policy, as the US was one of the largest emitters and a key player in international negotiations. The EU seized this opportunity to assume a more prominent role in driving global climate efforts. China transitioned from co-leadership with the US to sole leadership, while India maintained its commitments. However, Brazil’s climate ambitions were curtailed following the election of Jair Bolsonaro, a climate sceptic.

It is premature to predict how the current withdrawal will shape global climate efforts. A major concern is the extent to which the fossil fuel industry will influence policy decisions, potentially exacerbating climate challenges.

Some may question the implications of US withdrawal for climate finance. With the US stepping back, other nations may face increased pressure to enhance their commitments to meet global targets. Specifically, questions arise regarding who will bear the costs of addressing climate damages and facilitating the energy transition. COP29, dubbed the ‘Finance COP,’ aimed to secure $300 billion annually from developed nations to assist developing countries in addressing climate change. However, this sum constitutes less than 25 per cent of what was initially sought. Will other donor nations compensate for the shortfall created by the US withdrawal, or will it undermine global resolve to supply climate finance to developing countries?

The US is responsible for about 22 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions since 1950. Although China surpassed the US as the world’s largest annual carbon emitter several years ago, the US remains the second-largest annual emitter, releasing 4.9 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2023. Trump’s return raises fears that these emissions could rise, reversing progress toward global targets.

The reality of climate change is undeniable. The catastrophic wildfires in Los Angeles serve as a reminder that Americans, like the rest of the world, are increasingly affected by worsening climate change. Laurence Tubiana, a key architect of the Paris accord, expressed disappointment over the US withdrawal but emphasised that global action to combat climate change ‘is stronger than any single country’s politics and policies.’

Despite Trump’s scepticism, the clean energy market is expanding rapidly, projected to surpass $2 trillion by 2035. His dismissal of Biden’s clean energy policies as a ‘green new scam’ contrasts sharply with international resolve to combat climate change. Notably, even during Trump’s first withdrawal, no other nation followed suit. Instead, countries, businesses, and local governments reaffirmed their commitments, showing that the fight against climate change transcends individual leaders.

Public opinion, too, reflects a growing consensus. An Associated Press-NORC poll found that only 2 in 10 US adults supported withdrawal from the Paris agreement, while approximately one-quarter were neutral. Notably, even less than half of Republicans backed the move. These statistics suggest that while Trump’s policies may appeal to a vocal minority, the broader public recognises the need for climate action.

Mohammed Norul Alam Raju is a researcher and development activist.​

 

[Saif]

Air pollution intensifies

Air pollution in Dhaka city is getting more intense and is staying for periods much longer than it did nine years ago amid a serious lack of pragmatic measure to control the sources of air pollution, increasingly posing public health threats.

www.newagebd.net

Air pollution intensifies
Rashad Ahamad 31 January, 2025, 23:40

Lack of monitoring, effective steps blamed

Air pollution in Dhaka city is getting more intense and is staying for periods much longer than it did nine years ago amid a serious lack of pragmatic measure to control the sources of air pollution, increasingly posing public health threats.

According to the available air quality monitoring data, the city’s air has steadily worsened since 2016 both in terms of quality and duration of stay except the Covid-19 period when the government imposed restrictions on public mobility.

Air quality monitoring data shows that in leap year 2024, Dhaka city residents experienced unhealthy air for a staggering 216 days out of 366 days compared with 92 days in 2016.

The Centre for Atmospheric Pollution Studies analysed the air pollution data in the past nine years to find that the average score in the air quality index in Dhaka was 171 in 2024 that was 150 in 2016.

Air quality index scores between 151 and 200 mean ‘unhealthy’ air in which bigger scores indicate worse quality.

The AQI value for particle pollution—a term indicating a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in the air—between 101 and 150 indicates the air is ‘unhealthy for sensitive groups’,

between 151 and 200 indicates it is ‘unhealthy’, between 201 and 300 indicates ‘very unhealthy’ air, while 301+ is considered ‘hazardous’ that poses serious health risks to residents.

According to a latest World Bank report titled ‘Breathing heavy: New Evidence on Air Pollution and Health in Bangladesh’, air pollution was the second largest risk factor leading to deaths and disability in Bangladesh. Around 78,000–88000 people died in 2019 in Bangladesh due to health hazards caused by air pollution.

Bangladesh’s economic losses from air pollution are estimated between 3.9 and 4.4 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product in 2019.

According to the report, 28 per cent polluted air generated from biomass burning, 24 per cent from power plants, 12 per cent from brick kilns, 11 per cent from open burning of waste materials, 8 per cent from dust and 13 per cent from other sources.

Centre for Atmospheric Pollution Studies director Professor Kamruzzaman Mazumder said that pollution soared because new sources of pollution added with the existing ones in the absence of a strict monitoring mechanism.

Environment, forest and climate change adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan termed air pollution control as a time consuming issue.

She said that the government, having set the air pollution control among its top priority issues, had been seriously at work.

She also put impetus on improving the fuel quality and increasing the refinery capacity for improving the air quality.

‘Bangladesh must adopt a long-term strategy to combat pollution effectively,’ Rizwana said.

A director of the Department of Environment Ziaul Haque said that they were conducting mobile courts against the polluters and already shut down several hundred brick kilns and fined industries and vehicles for polluting air.

‘Everyone is affected by air pollution to some extent,’ he said.

The department conducted 220 mobile court drives against the air polluters and filed 567 cases in a year until January 25, 2025. Around Tk 8 crore was realised in fines and punitive actions taken against over 150 brick kilns, said the department officials.

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University respiratory medicine professor Mohammed Atiqur Rahman said that air pollution is directly responsible for respiratory diseases, while it aggravates many other illnesses and co-morbidity.

Asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, bronchitis, skin diseases, diarrhoea and conjunctivitis are among the diseases triggered or aggravated by air pollution.

According to the data from the National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, 1,76,441 patients received healthcare in the specialised hospital and research centre in 2023, and 1,046 of them died while undergoing treatment.

In 2022, total 947 people died in hospital, while 1,62,780 people received healthcare.

Public health experts said that air pollution was linked to roughly half of the premature deaths in Bangladesh.

A global study released in August 2023 by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago found Bangladesh’s air to be the most polluted globally, gravely impacting citizens’ health and reducing average life expectancy by at least 6.8 years.​

 

[Saif]

Effective law and planning can control noise pollution

While addressing vehicular noise has been a focus, it is equally vital to regulate loudspeaker usage in communal and religious settings.

www.thedailystar.net

Effective law and planning can control noise pollution

Noise levels in Dhaka often range between 80 and 100 dB, far exceeding the World Health Organization’s recommended safe threshold. FILE VISUAL: ALIZA RAHMAN

Dhaka, the sprawling capital of Bangladesh, is gripped by an escalating crisis of noise pollution, primarily fuelled by unregulated vehicular horns and unrelenting traffic chaos. This incessant barrage of sound has profound physiological and psychological consequences, inflicting damage that extends far beyond momentary discomfort. Noise levels in Dhaka often range between 80 and 100 decibels (dB), far exceeding the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended safe threshold of 55 dB for residential zones.

The city's chaotic traffic—a dense mix of different kinds of vehicles—is a primary contributor to this noise crisis. Smaller vehicles, particularly rickshaws and auto-rickshaws, often use outdated mechanical horns. In addition, unregulated loudspeaker use in social gatherings, religious events, and public announcements exacerbates the situation, with noise levels frequently exceeding 120 dB in Dhaka.

While addressing vehicular noise has been a focus, it is equally vital to regulate loudspeaker usage in communal and religious settings. Religious establishments and community programmes often use high-volume speakers to reach a wider audience. Although these practices are culturally significant, it is essential to regulate sound levels lawfully to prevent public health crises.

On the physiological front, chronic exposure to such high noise levels results in a host of health issues, including Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), hypertension, tachycardia, cardiovascular disorders, increased risks of stroke and stress-related conditions. Prolonged exposure to high-decibel noise also impairs cognitive function, reduces work efficiency, and leads to sleep disturbances, chronic fatigue, and heightened anxiety. For children, developmental delays, including cognitive and language impairments, are common consequences. Pregnant women face increased risks of foetal stress, leading to potential complications like low birth weight and developmental delays. Other stress-related conditions like epilepsy, vasovagal attacks, speech interference, headaches, memory issues, and nervous breakdowns are exacerbated by prolonged exposure to noise pollution. Extremely loud and constant noise can also lead to gastritis, colitis, and even heart attacks.

The socioeconomic impacts are equally alarming. Sleep deprivation from nocturnal noise reduces productivity, increases absenteeism, and elevates healthcare costs. Chronic medical conditions linked to noise pollution strain the healthcare system, while the diminished quality of life can deter tourism and foreign investment, further complicating Dhaka's economic challenges. Recent studies indicate that Dhaka's economic loss in terms of GDP from noise pollution amounts to billions annually.

Bangladesh's legal framework for noise pollution is outlined in the Environment Conservation Rules, 1997, which categorises noise zones into residential, commercial, industrial, and silent zones with prescribed decibel limits. For example, the maximum allowable noise level for residential areas is 55 dB during the day and 45 dB at night.

The Sound Pollution Control Rules, 2006, which specifically addresses noise pollution, provides detailed guidelines for permissible sound levels in different zones and emphasises control measures for vehicular horns and public address systems. These rules mandate obtaining prior permission to use loudspeakers in public events and impose penalties for violations. However, enforcement remains a challenge due to the lack of awareness and insufficient monitoring resources.

Stringent regulations must be enforced for vehicular noise control. Licensing protocols should include mandatory decibel-limit testing for horns across all vehicle types. For smaller vehicles like rickshaws and auto-rickshaws, the law should mandate the replacement of horns with manual ringing mechanisms to reduce overall noise pollution.

Larger motorised vehicles must adhere to a 65 dB horn limit in urban areas, with penalties including fines, licence suspension or vehicle confiscation for repeat violations. Newly manufactured vehicles must integrate advanced noise-reduction technologies, and retrofitting older models should be mandatory within a defined timeline.

Loudspeaker usage should be similarly regulated. Public address systems must include decibel limiters, capping sound levels at 75 dB in residential areas and 85 dB in commercial zones. Special attention should be paid to noise-sensitive areas such as schools, hospitals, and residential neighbourhoods, with stricter sound limits and monitoring enforced.

Technological advancements can also play a pivotal role. Smart noise sensors, strategically installed in high-traffic areas, can monitor sound levels, enabling authorities to identify hotspots and penalise violators. AI-driven traffic management systems can optimise vehicle flow, reducing congestion and unnecessary honking. Additionally, noise-dampening technologies, such as soundproofing measures at large public venues and community centres, should be encouraged. Mobile apps enabling residents to report noise violations, coupled with AI-powered monitoring systems, can transform noise regulation in Dhaka.

Public awareness is another cornerstone of effective noise control. Campaigns to raise awareness about the health hazards of noise pollution should target schools, universities and workplaces. Media must highlight the physiological and psychological toll of unchecked noise pollution, fostering a collective sense of responsibility. Community initiatives should encourage behavioural changes, such as minimising honking and adopting quieter practices in both residential and commercial zones.

Collaboration among key stakeholders is essential for sustained progress. The Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), the Department of Environment, law enforcement agencies, and public health experts must work together to implement comprehensive solutions. Pilot projects in high-noise areas can serve as testing grounds for new initiatives before broader adoption. All vehicles, regardless of size, should undergo regular noise compliance inspections during licensing and roadworthiness evaluations. Swift penalties for violations and consistent enforcement of these regulations will be key to ensuring compliance.

Addressing noise pollution in Dhaka is not merely an environmental concern, it is a public health imperative. By implementing stronger regulations, leveraging technology, and fostering awareness, the city can significantly reduce the impact of relentless noise. This transformation will enhance the quality of life for millions, reduce the socioeconomic burden, and create a healthier, more productive urban environment.

S M Muhaiminul Islam is a researcher and member of the Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh (IEB).

Dr Nishat Tasnim is a physician and alumnus of Sher-E-Bangla Medical College.​