Role of army in nation-building and governance
by Nasimul Gani and Imran Chowdhury 16 November, 2024, 00:00
New Age
THE Bangladesh army, with its rich history of contributions, has significantly shaped the country’s political, social and economic landscapes. In a nation of 170 million people, the army’s role extends beyond defence to nation-building and governance and fostering a stable democratic environment. The July-August uprising and the role of the military have opened a new dimension of involvement and challenges to support the interim government of Bangladesh.
As we look forward to the future, the army’s continued contributions will be crucial in ensuring national integrity, stability and prosperity. The next decades will call for the army to further redefine its role to meet modern challenges while it remains true to commitments regarding democracy and civil rights. The challenges of the modernisation of military and development will always require practical debates and ensure aspiration of people for the national interest and security.
Historical context and evolution
EMERGING from the struggle for independence in 1971, the army has shown a remarkable adaptability over the decades, evolving to meet changing national and global scenarios. Its expansion from national defence to peacekeeping, disaster management and infrastructure development underscores its ability to contribute significantly to nation-building and socio-economic development, reassuring us of its readiness to face future challenges. The army’s contribution has ranged from rebuilding after natural disasters to aiding national infrastructure projects such as the construction of the Padma bridge.
This shift from purely military functions to multi-faceted roles, including social face, has been crucial in reinforcing its position as a reliable institution in times of national need. The July-August uprising has changed the dynamics of the socio-political landscape and has created scopes for a new role of the army. We are still going through different critical national challenges which demand an active and passive role of the army for the development of national integration. Under the present situation, the involvement of retired army officers and men will be very crucial.
Infrastructure and socio-economic development
THE army has made significant strides in nation-building by participating in infrastructure projects and socio-economic initiatives. It has been actively involved in developing roads, bridges and public buildings, often stepping in when civilian agencies are overwhelmed or lack the capacity. The completion of large-scale projects such as the Padma bridge has underscored the army’s technical expertise and project management capabilities. Alongside its infrastructure projects, the army is deeply engaged in social welfare activities, providing healthcare services, education and emergency response during natural disasters.
Its presence in remote areas has helped to bridge the gap in services delivery, fostering a sense of community and contributing to equitable development and national unity. The army opens schools in far-flung areas and medical camps to meet the needs of civilians. Such efforts are essentially required for installing the spirit of access to service, specifically in areas that have conventionally been left behind in development. In addition, the army can be involved in agricultural development projects for better food security, which is quite important for a country continuously going through natural disasters and increasing population demands. Such initiatives may include farmer training in modern techniques and access to all essential resources that could directly affect rural livelihoods and contribute to building greater national economic resiliency.
Good governance and strengthening democracy
THE army’s role in governance and democracy has evolved, reflecting the changing political landscape of Bangladesh. While the army has intervened in politics in the past, its future role should focus on supporting democratic institutions and promoting good governance which we may turn to as collaboration. A professional military that respects civilian control and people’s will will be crucial in this transition. The army’s strict internal discipline and efficiency can be leveraged to enhance public administration. By working with civilian authorities, the army can offer training, logistics, and strategic planning support, thereby improving governance standards. Moreover, the army’s non-partisan stance and professionalism are vital in safeguarding democratic processes, particularly during elections, to ensure transparency and public trust.
Financial prudence and national image
THE army has diversified its activities to include economic ventures, ranging from manufacturing to service industries. As a major institution, it is essential for the army to exercise financial prudence and transparency in managing these ventures to maintain its credibility and public support. Ensuring that military-owned enterprises operate transparently and do not conflict with civilian enterprises is crucial for maintaining a balance in the economy. The army’s participation in international peacekeeping missions under the United Nations has also significantly enhanced Bangladesh’s global image. Continued involvement in such missions will further solidify its reputation as a professional and disciplined force, capable of contributing to global peace and security.
Counteracting regional influence and insurgency
BANGLADESH’S geopolitical position makes it susceptible to various regional influences and security challenges. The army’s role in ensuring national sovereignty and countering external interference is therefore vital. Strengthening its intelligence and surveillance capabilities is crucial for effectively neutralising insurgent threats and managing cross-border activities. The army’s strategic role in balancing relationships with neighbouring countries such as India, China and SAARC countries will be critical in ensuring that Bangladesh maintains its sovereignty and freedom from undue influence. By focusing on modernizing its capabilities and fostering regional partnerships, the army can ensure that Bangladesh remains a stable and influential player in South Asia. The other would be counter-terrorism, probably in relation to community engagement and local intelligence. This close coordination by the army with civilian law enforcement agencies can enable identifying and treating the causes of violence and leading to a more secure environment.
Civil rights and public perception
THE relationship between the army and the civil population is integral to national stability. Historically viewed as the nation’s saviour, the army must continue to uphold civil rights and ensure that its actions align with the country’s best interests. Respect for human rights and maintaining transparency in its operations are essential for sustaining public trust and support. The army can further enhance its image by engaging in public outreach and civic education initiatives. By participating in social programs that promote national identity and unity, the army can strengthen the societal fabric and contribute to a more cohesive national identity.
Challenges and recommendations
THE army faces several challenges as it navigates its evolving role. Balancing its traditional responsibilities with expanded expectations in governance and nation-building requires a clear delineation of military and civilian roles. Maintaining professionalism, non-partisanship and respect for civilian control and adhering to people’s aspiration and will will be crucial in this transition. By following a few recommendations, the army can meet such challenges in a very strategic way to enhance readiness in ensuring national security within a complex geopolitical environment.
Professionalism and training: The army should continue to invest in professional military education and training to prepare its personnel for complex scenarios, both domestic and international. This focus will ensure that the army is equipped to handle evolving security and governance challenges.
Collaboration with civilian agencies: Increased collaboration with civilian agencies will ensure that the army’s involvement in non-traditional roles complements, rather than substitutes, civilian governance. Such partnerships can help address national issues in a holistic manner. In the future, therefore, many challenges must be dealt with proactively if the army is to reach effectiveness. Regional changes in security demands that the army upgrade its equipment and technologies matching advancements in cyber warfare.
Cyber threats: Cyber threats are increasing while critical infrastructures and sensitive data are at risk. Professional units and special training are required. Other internal security issues involve political instability and extremism, which again require a strong counter strategy and better intelligence operations.
Adaptability with social face: Natural disasters that frequently hit Bangladesh make it quite vulnerable, so disaster response preparedness is very opportune. The army should be ready for humanitarian and disaster relief work, as this is the call of the nation.
Collaboration for modernisation: Financial situations may limit the procurement of modern equipment and training. In that respect, the army has to make a partnership with the private sector and international organizations to acquire the best use of resources.
People’s participation: The geo-strategic compulsions and security awareness by the people of Bangladesh will be instrumental in securing national sovereignty and integrity and ensuring people’s participation in national defence.
Motivation and nationwide military training: The able-bodied students and citizens should undergo compulsory military training to ensure national productivity, good governance and social harmony which will help developing national integration.
Employment of retired officers and men: The post-uprising matrix demands an effective use and the role of capable retired officers and men’s services to combat poor law and order situation, investigating the corruptions and killings/injured person cases, administering critical appointments for nation building and good governance etc. These trained human resources will be very much required to fill up the deficiency, accelerating the development and speed of their administration and providing directional leadership to Bangladesh.
The army’s role will be critical in shaping the nation’s trajectory in terms of democracy, governance, and socio-economic development. By maintaining its professional integrity, supporting democratic institutions, and contributing to national development, the army can continue to be a pillar of stability and progress. A balanced approach that respects civilian supremacy, fosters transparency, and supports national unity will ensure that the army remains a respected and integral part of Bangladesh’s development narrative.
Md Nasimul Gani is a retired brigadier general and retired lieutenant Imran Chowdhury is an author based in the United Kingdom.
Bangladesh Defense
