[🇮🇳] India's Space Program

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India To Launch Chandrayaan-4 In 2027 To Bring Moon Samples Back To Earth, Announces Jitendra Singh​

Story by PTI
• 20h • 2 min read

India To Launch Chandrayaan-4 In 2027 To Bring Moon Samples Back To Earth, Announces Jitendra Singh
India will launch the Chandrayaan-4 mission to bring back samples of moon rocks to the Earth in 2027, Science and Technology Minister Jitendra Singh said. Chandrayaan-4 will involve at least two separate launches of the heavylift LVM-3 rocket that will carry five different components of the mission which will be assembled in orbit.


"The Chandrayaan-4 mission aims to collect samples from the moon's surface and bring them back to the Earth," Mr Singh told PTI Videos in an interview.

The minister said the Gaganyaan mission, which involves sending Indian astronauts in a specially designed spacecraft to low-earth orbit and bringing them back safely, will be launched next year.

In 2026, India will also launch Samudrayaan, which will take three scientists in a submersible up to a depth of 6,000 metres in the deep ocean, to explore the seabed.

"This achievement will align with the timelines of India's other landmark missions, including the Gaganyaan space mission, marking a pleasant coincidence in the nation's journey toward scientific excellence," Mr Singh said.

Mr Singh said Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the Samudrayaan mission in his Independence Day speech.

The minister underscored the potential of the Samudrayaan to unlock vast resources, including critical minerals, rare metals, and undiscovered marine biodiversity, all of which are crucial for the country's economic growth and environmental sustainability.



The first uncrewed mission of the Gaganyaan project carrying a robot, 'Vyommitra', will also take place this year.

Mr Singh said that while the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969, it took more than two decades to set up the first launch pad in 1993.

The second launch pad came up in 2004, another decade-long gap. However, in the last 10 years, India's space sector has undergone unprecedented expansion, both in terms of infrastructure and investment, he said.

"We are now building a third launch pad and for the first time for heavier rockets, and expanding also beyond Sriharikota with a new launch site in Tamil Nadu's Tuticorin district to launch small satellites," Mr Singh said.

The minister said that India's space economy, currently valued at USD 8 billion, is projected to reach USD 44 billion in the next decade, further cementing India's role as a global space powerhouse.



The reforms initiated in the past decade, including the unlocking of the space sector for private players, have led to greater innovation, investment, and international collaborations, Mr Singh said.

"With new infrastructure, increased private participation and record-breaking investments, India is poised for even greater achievements in the years to come," he said.

(Except for the headline, this copy has not been edited by Jagran English)

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PS4 engine realized through AM route

PS4 engine during hot test​

​

As part of the development programme, the injector head of the engine was realised and successfully hot tested earlier. Detailed flow and thermal modelling, structural simulation, and cold flow characterisation of the proto hardware were carried out to gain confidence for the hot test. Consequently, four successful developmental hot tests of integrated engine were conducted for a cumulative duration of 74 s which validated the engine performance parameters. Furthermore, the engine was successfully tested for the full qualification duration of 665 s and observed that all the performance parameters were as expected. It is planned to induct this AM PS4 engine into the regular PSLV program.
The performance of the engine during the long-duration test is shown in the following graph.​

ISRO successfully conducts long-duration hot tests of Additive Manufactured Liquid Engine.

Performance parameters	Expected	Achieved
Chamber Pressure, bar	8.33±0.125	8.29
Mixture Ratio	1.40±0.05	1.37
Isp, s	307±2	307.7

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ISRO unveils record-breaking propellant mixer​

ISRO has unveiled the world’s largest vertical planetary propellant mixer, a 10-tonne breakthrough built with CMTI Bengaluru. This innovation is set to enhance India’s spaceflight capabilities by ensuring safer, more efficient rocket fuel production. The mixer will play a key role in future space missions, including PSLV and Gaganyaan projects.​

Siddharth Shankar Published: 19 Feb 2025 18:50M

India has taken a major step forward in space technology with ISRO unveiling the world’s largest vertical planetary mixer for solid rocket propellants. This breakthrough is expected to enhance efficiency and safety in rocket fuel production, marking a significant milestone in India’s space capabilities.

Developed in collaboration with the Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI), the 10-tonne mixer is designed to support large-scale solid rocket motor production. The new system is set to play a crucial role in upcoming space missions, strengthening India’s self-reliance in propulsion technology.

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Why This Mixer Matters​

Solid rocket propellants play a crucial role in launch vehicles, requiring precision and safety in their manufacturing. The newly developed vertical planetary mixer ensures uniform blending of highly sensitive and hazardous components, making it a critical step in producing reliable solid rocket motors. The mixer weighs around 150 tonnes and measures 5.4 meters in length, 3.3 meters in breadth, and 8.7 meters in height. ISRO confirmed that this is the largest equipment of its kind globally, further advancing India’s self-reliance in propellant processing technology.

Collaboration & Development​

The project was led by CMTI Bengaluru, with significant contributions from ISRO’s Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC). On February 13, the equipment was formally handed over to SDSC officials in the presence of ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan. The Department of Space highlighted that this initiative aligns with India’s self-reliance mission, Atma Nirbhar Bharat, strengthening indigenous technology development in space exploration.

How This Benefits India’s Space Missions​

The introduction of this advanced mixing technology is expected to improve productivity by allowing large-scale production of solid propellant motors. The uniform composition achieved through this mixer enhances quality and reduces risks during rocket launches. The system is designed to handle hazardous materials with greater control and precision, ensuring safety in the production process. Optimized processing time will help ISRO meet the increasing demand for space missions, supporting the country’s growing ambitions in space exploration.

Future Implications​

With this advanced solid propellant mixing technology, ISRO is poised to strengthen India’s spaceflight capabilities. The ability to manufacture large-scale solid rocket motors domestically ensures cost-effectiveness and reduces dependency on foreign technology. The successful deployment of this mixer marks another milestone in India’s space ambitions. Moving forward, ISRO aims to integrate this technology into upcoming Gaganyaan and PSLV missions, pushing India further into the competitive global space industry.

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ISRO unveils record-breaking propellant mixer

ISRO has unveiled the world’s largest vertical planetary propellant mixer, a 10-tonne breakthrough built with CMTI Bengaluru. This innovation is set to enhance India’s spaceflight capabilities by ensuring safer, more efficient rocket fuel production. The mixer will play a key role in future...

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India's Space Sector Set to Grow To $44Bn: Union Minister Jitendra Singh | ISRO | N18V​

Union Minister Jitendra Singh has said that India's space sector is expected to reach a value of $44 billion soon. This is a fivefold increase from its current worth, Addressing the 'Space-Tech for Good Governance' Conclave, Singh highlighted India's commitment to leveraging space technology for innovations. #space #India #Governance #JitendraSingh #Technology #cnbctv18digitalCNBC TV18 LIVE TV: to our Channel: Check Out Top CNBC TV18 Playlist Videos: Young Turks Reloaded with Shereen Bhan: World News: TV18 Classic Interviews: TV18 Digital: TV18 Weekend Special: TV18 Next-Gen: Show: TV18 Newsreels: Streets: can also connect with CNBC-TV18 News OnlineCatch the latest news: CNBC-TV18 round the clock: updated with all the market action in real time: can also stay updated with all the latest news on-the-go with CNBC-TV18 Minis: us on Facebook: us on Twitter: us on Instagram: us on: Linkedin: CNBC-TV18:

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ISRO handles its own software development: Ex-ISRO chief Somanath​

ISRO develops its own software for accuracy, security, and scientific rigor. It converts raw scientific data into actionable insights. The organization now wants to commercialise its software.​

PSLV-C59/PROBA-3 MissionImage Source : ISRO
Written By: Om Gupta
New DelhiPublished: March 02, 2025 11:55 IST, Updated: March 02, 2025 11:55 IST

S. Somanath, the former chief of ISRO, indicated that software development within the organisation has consistently been an internal undertaking, managed by their own scientists and engineers from various fields, including environmental science, physics, and computer science. He stated that ISRO does not outsource critical software systems due to the necessity for a profound understanding of the integration between science, technology, and applications.





Speaking at the Software Product Management (SPM) Summit hosted by IIM Bangalore, Somanath noted that the two-day event, which took place on February 28 and March 1, marked its 7th edition under the theme of 'Software Product Management Excellence at Scale.' He elaborated on the evolution of software product management and development for space missions, highlighting the transition from missions focused primarily on environmental concerns to those featuring commercially operated systems.

He emphasised that all software developed for satellite operations, data analysis, and mission simulations is created in-house to guarantee accuracy, security, and scientific rigor. According to Somanath, ISRO has over the years implemented intricate software systems for various applications such as geospatial data portals, disaster management frameworks, and climate monitoring tools, all intended for use by governments, researchers, and the general public.

Somanath reflected on ISRO's journey in software product development, stating that it goes beyond basic coding; it involves converting raw scientific data into actionable insights. He mentioned that the organisation is now also looking to commercialise some of these tools, making them accessible to Indian institutions and industries to encourage innovation across different sectors.

Finally, he expressed his belief that India's advancements in space, technology, and sustainable development will rely heavily on a robust foundation in software excellence, which should be developed on a large scale and continually refined through ongoing learning and collaboration.

ALSO READ: ISRO scheduled to resume its SpaDeX experiments beginning March 15: V Narayanan

 

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India and Japan Join Forces For Chandrayaan-5 Mission, ISRO Shares Details of Ambitious Lunar Project​

Story by Times Now Digital
• 21h•
2 min read

india and japan join forces for chandrayaan-5 mission, isro shares details of ambitious lunar project
An ambitious Chandrayaan-5 mission in partnership with Japan has received approval by the Centre, ISRO Chairman V Narayanan announced. The mission, which aims to study the Moon with a significantly heavier rover than its predecessors, will be undertaken with Japan to enhance the mission's scientific capabilities, he said.



Announcing the approval at an event celebrating his new role as ISRO Chairman, V Narayanan said, "Just three days ago, we received approval for the Chandrayaan-5 mission. We will be undertaking it in collaboration with Japan." ISRO had successfully launched the Chandrayaan-3 mission with Vikram Lander's 'soft-landing' on the South pole of the Moon on August 23, 2023. The Chandrayaan-5 mission, in partnership with Japan, will include a 250 kg rover, a major leap from the 25 kg 'Pragyan' rover deployed during Chandrayaan-3.

All about the Chandrayaan Missions​

India's Chandrayaan programme, a cornerstone of the nation's lunar exploration efforts, has made significant strides with three missions so far. The first, Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, made history by chemically mapping the Moon’s surface, unveiling mineralogical and photo-geological details that set the stage for future exploration.

Then, in 2019, Chandrayaan-2 embarked on its journey. While the mission faced challenges during its final descent, its orbiter continues to provide invaluable high-resolution images and data, shedding light on the Moon's mysteries from orbit.

Meanwhile, Chandrayaan-3 was launched in 2023 and successfully demonstrated India's ability to achieve a soft landing on the Moon's South Pole. The mission's lander, Vikram, and rover, Pragyan, were placed into hibernation mode due to the lunar night, which lasts about 14 Earth days, to conserve energy and protect the instruments from extreme cold.


Related video: Know all about Isro's space missions in 2025 | Homeland (India Today)

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ISRO successfully tests semi-cryogenic engine: A big step for future space missions​

ISRO's successful semi-cryogenic engine test is a major step toward developing more powerful, efficient, and reusable launch systems. With ongoing improvements in propulsion technology, India is gearing up for a new era in space exploration.​

ISRO successfully tests semi-cryogenic engineImage Source : File
Written By: Saumya Nigam @snigam04
New DelhiPublished: March 08, 2025 14:00 IST, Updated: March 08, 2025 14:00 IST

The Indian Space Research Organisation (commonly known as ISRO) has successfully conducted a hot test on the semi-cryogenic engine (SE2000), marking a major milestone in developing powerful engines for future space missions. This test called the Power Head Test Article (PHTA), is an important step toward finalizing the cryogenic stage that powers the booster stages of launch vehicles.

What is the Power Head Test Article (PHTA)?​

The PHTA is a significant test to evaluate key subsystems of the semi-cryogenic engine. It helps validate the performance of critical components such as:

• Gas generator
• Turbo pumps
• Pre-burner
• Control systems

The hot-firing test lasted for just 4.5 seconds and was the first major hardware test for the semi-cryogenic engine's development.

A step forward after 2023 setback​

ISRO had previously attempted a similar test in July 2023, but it was aborted due to a technical glitch. Since then, scientists have worked continuously to refine the engine, which is designed to deliver 2,000 kiloNewton (kN) of thrust.

(Image Source : ISRO)A big step for future space missions

Why is a semi-cryogenic engine important?​

Rockets need powerful propulsion systems to lift off from Earth, pass through the atmosphere, and reach space. Choosing the right propellant system is crucial for efficiency, cost, and reusability.

Currently, ISRO uses environment-friendly propellants such as:

• Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) for cryogenic engines
• LOX-Kerosene-based propulsion systems for semi-cryogenic engines

Advantages of Semi-Cryogenic Engines​

A semi-cryogenic engine offers several advantages:

• Uses liquid oxygen and kerosene, which is easier to store than hydrogen
• Provides high-density impulse, making it more efficient
• Less toxic and cost-effective compared to other options
• Enhancements in LVM3 and future missions

ISRO is also working on improving the Launch Vehicle Mk III (LVM3), which will be equipped with the C32 cryogenic upper stage for upcoming missions.

C32 vs. C25: The new C32 stage will allow more propellant storage, increasing the payload capacity by 25 per cent.

Read Also​

ISRO celebrates century of launches: PSLV carries largest number of satellites into space

• ISRO aims to increase spacecraft launch capacity from 4 tonnes to 5.1 tonnes to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) without increasing costs.

A new LOX-kerosene propulsion system powered by a 2,000-tonne thrust engine is under development.

Next-generation launch vehicle (NGLV) development on track​

With India's ambitious Gaganyaan mission (both unmanned and manned) gaining momentum, ISRO is also making progress on its Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).

What is NGLV?​

• A human-rated launch vehicle with high payload capacity and reusability
• Features a reusable first stage, with a maximum payload of 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• Uses LOX engines in the first and second stages, with a cryogenic engine in the upper stage

According to ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan, the design of NGLV is complete, and development has begun. The agency is also working on technologies to recover and reuse launch vehicles, making future space missions more efficient.

Future Plans: Next-gen propulsion systems​

ISRO is exploring advanced propulsion technologies that could revolutionize space travel. The goal is to develop a system where:

• A rocket takes off like an aircraft
• Switches to a cryogenic engine mid-flight
• Covers thousands of kilometres across continents in a few hours

This breakthrough could enable faster intercontinental travel and pave the way for next-gen space exploration.

ISRO successfully tests semi-cryogenic engine: A big step for future space missions

ISRO's successful semi-cryogenic engine test is a major step toward developing more powerful, efficient, and reusable launch systems. With ongoing improvements in propulsion technology, India is gearing up for a new era in space exploration.

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LOVE THIS​

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What is NGLV?​

• A human-rated launch vehicle with high payload capacity and reusability
• Features a reusable first stage, with a maximum payload of 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• Uses LOX engines in the first and second stages, with a cryogenic engine in the upper stage

 

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ISRO Chairman Dr V. Narayanan inaugurates research centre at IIT Madras​

Story by India Today Education Desk
• 21h•
2 min read

ISRO Chairman Dr V. Narayanan inaugurates research centre at IIT Madras
The Chairperson of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) inaugurated a new research centre, the S. Ramakrishnan Centre of Excellence, at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) on Monday.

The S Ramakrishnan Centre of Excellence in Fluid and Thermal Science Research will support 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiatives, promoting self-reliance in advanced space technologies and reducing India's dependency on foreign solutions. The centre will also attract global talent and international research collaborations.

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The Centre is named in honour of S. Ramakrishnan, a distinguished IIT Madras alumnus and aerospace engineer who made substantial contributions to the development of India's launch vehicle program.

Dr V. Narayanan emphasised the significance of this collaboration and highlighted the achievements of ISRO in areas such as cryogenic engine technology. He proudly stated, "The Cryogenic Engine technology was denied to India, but today, we have three different such engines, with the third one being human-rated. Only six countries in the world have this technology, and we have achieved world records in this area."

Looking forward to the collaboration, Professor V. Kamakoti, Director, IIT Madras, said, "More and more we explore the space, we have an increasing need for technologies that could handle thermal and cooling requirements. I am sure the proposed Centre jointly with ISRO shall develop very effective solutions for the same."


Related video: ISRO's SpaDeX Mission: India Docks Satellites In Space, Enters Elite Club Of Nations (WION)

KEY ROLES OF THE CENTRE​

1. Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle Thermal Management: Addressing heat dissipation challenges in satellites and launch vehicles.

2. Experimental & Numerical Studies on Cooling Systems: Developing efficient cooling solutions using micro heat pipes, spray cooling, vapour chambers, and two-phase heat transfer devices.

3. High-Fidelity Simulation & Testing Facilities: Utilising cutting-edge computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental setups for real-world validation

4. Capacity Building & Training: Encouraging ISRO scientists to pursue advanced degrees at IIT Madras while fostering industry-academia collaborations.

Highlighting the expected outcomes from this new research centre, its coordinator, Prof. Arvind Pattamatta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Madras, said, "In the Medium Term (Next 3-5 Years), we are hoping to achieve breakthroughs in Advanced Thermal Management, such as development of new active and passive cooling techniques for spacecraft electronics and prototyping and Testing of Next-Gen Heat Pipes, which are Innovative cooling systems for long-duration space missions. Further integration with ISRO's Space Missions and incorporation of new research findings into upcoming ISRO satellite and launch vehicle projects will also be a focus area."

EXPECTED LONG-TERM OUTCOMES​

1. Revolutionising Spacecraft Design: Laying the groundwork for high-performance, reusable space vehicles with superior thermal control.

2. Enhancing India's Deep Space Exploration Capabilities: Supporting future missions such as Gaganyaan, lunar and interplanetary missions.

3. Boosting Indigenous Space Technology: Reducing reliance on foreign technology by developing cutting-edge thermal management solutions within India

This Centre will play a crucial role in the development of next-generation space technologies. The impact of the centre will extend beyond space, contributing to advancements in aerospace engineering, cooling technologies, and interdisciplinary research, while also promoting India's self-reliance in the critical domain of space technology.

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‘Strength Respects Strength’: ISRO Chief Explains Why Japan Approached India For Chandrayaan-5​

Story by Harish Upadhya
• 1h•
3 min read

ISRO chief V Narayanan also gave updates on Gaganyaan. (PTI File)© Copyright (C) new18.com. All Rights Reserved.
India’s space ambitions have soared to new heights with the recent approval of the Chandrayaan-5 mission, a collaborative lunar exploration mission between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). This marks growing international recognition of India’s space capabilities, particularly following the successful Chandrayaan-3.

Speaking exclusively to CNN-News18, ISRO chairman V Narayanan explained how the Japanese approached India for the mission and what’s in store.

“It is a joint mission. As you know, strength respects strength,” said ISRO Chairman V Narayanan. “When we successfully accomplished the Chandrayaan-3 mission and India became the only country that soft-landed near the south pole of the moon and the fourth country to soft-land on the moon, the JAXA team said they would like to have a collaboration. So, we are collaborating and accomplishing that mission. In fact, it is going to be launched by the Japanese rocket and the launch vehicle.”

WHAT IS CHANDRAYAAN-5?​

The Chandrayaan-5 mission will feature a significantly larger rover, weighing approximately 350 kg, compared to the 25 kg rover deployed during Chandrayaan-3.

“One comparison I can give is Chandrayaan-3, we had a rover, something around 25 kg… Here, the rover is going to be 350 kg,” Narayanan explained. “Our mission was only a 14-day mission, but here it is going to be a long-term mission.”


The mission will focus on the lunar polar region, aiming to further explore water availability and conduct a wide range of scientific investigations.

“Because of Chandrayaan-3, we had 14 days only, but we could collect the statistics. We had a lot of discoveries through our colleagues. We have discovered electron clouds, we have found seismic activity in some locations. We have discovered the thermal profile, mapped it, and like that, a lot of scientific discoveries were there. Here, it is going to be again a polar region mission to understand the water availability, and so many things, so many aspects are involved,” Narayanan said. He also mentioned that the scientific payloads are still being finalised.

GAGANYAAN MISSION PROGRESS UPDATE​

In addition to the Chandrayaan-5 announcement, Narayanan provided an update on the progress of India’s human spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan. “As you are aware, to accomplish the Gaganyaan mission, a lot of things have to be done,” he said.

He highlighted key milestones, including the completion of the human rating of the launch vehicle system and the near-finalisation of the integrated vehicle health monitoring system. “Then, of course, we need to develop the environmental control and safety system, which maintains the required pressure, temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, the partial pressure level of oxygen, and everything it has to maintain, and those developments are in the advanced stage,” Narayanan said.


The Crew Escape System, designed to safeguard the astronauts in case of emergencies, has also undergone successful testing. “We went through a couple of tests, and recently, a year ago, we did one exclusive experiment by utilising a developed test vehicle exclusively for that purpose. It was a grand success and a satisfying thing,” Narayanan said. “Our Navy ship, picked up the module from the right spot. We were there to receive it and we were very happy.”

ISRO plans to conduct further tests and three uncrewed missions before the actual manned mission.

“The first uncrewed mission is getting ready. Once it is successful, we will go through the second and third missions, followed by the actual mission,” Narayanan said, adding that the ‘Gagan Yatris’ are currently undergoing rigorous training.

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Chandrayaan-4 to weigh 9,500kg, to be launched by 2 rockets​

Indian space agency ISRO is presently working on two Lunar missions - Chandrayaan-4 and Chandrayaan-5. Both of them are robotic missions to explore the moon and map its resources. Such missions pave the way for an eventual Indian crewed moon landing in the coming decades. For more details on Chandrayaan-4 and its progress, WION's Principal Correspondent Sidharth.M.P spoke to ISRO Chief Dr. V. Narayanan. See less
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Isro successfully rolls SpaDeX satellites, pushes them to the limit​

Story by India Today Science Desk
• 3h•
2 min read

Isro successfully rolls SpaDeX satellites, pushes them to the limit
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved another milestone in its Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission by successfully conducting the "rolling" or "rotating" experiment.

This test involved one satellite circumnavigating the other and returning to its original position while remaining in line of sight.

The experiment, completed last week, was confirmed by ISRO Chairman V Narayanan to Times of India, as he emphasized the importance of ground simulations to avoid errors and maximize data generation.

The rolling experiment is being compared to Chandrayaan-3's "hop" test on the Moon for its significance in advancing future space missions. It validates ISRO's ability to control satellite maneuvering from ground stations using advanced software, sensors, and positioning technologies.

This capability is crucial for future missions like Chandrayaan-4, human spaceflight programs under Gaganyaan, and satellite servicing projects.

SpaDeX involves two satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), launched together on December 30, 2024.

The mission aims to demonstrate technologies related to orbital rendezvous, docking, and proximity operations.

Earlier in January 2025, ISRO became the fourth country globally to achieve successful space docking using indigenous technology.


Related video: ISRO Successfully Docks SpaDex Satellites In Historic Space Achievement, PM Modi Congratulates (The Times of India)


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We finally know how Isro is planning to land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars​

Story by India Today Science Desk
• 1h•
2 min read

In a major step forward for India's interplanetary ambitions, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has revealed detailed plans for its second Mars mission, Mangalyaan-2, which, unlike its predecessor, will include a lander for a direct touchdown on the Martian surface and a helicopter.

The details were shared by Isro chief Dr V Narayanan during an address at the Navaratna Conference.

Launched aboard the LVM3 rocket, the 4,500 kg spacecraft will initially be placed in an Earth orbit of 190 x 35,786 km.

Mars
From there, a composite module â consisting of a Cruise Stage and a Descent Stage â will set off on its months-long journey to the Red Planet.

The Cruise Stage will serve as the propulsion system to take the spacecraft from Earth's orbit to a capture orbit around Mars.

Once Mangalyaan-2 enters Martian proximity, the Descent Stage will detach from the Cruise Stage and make a direct entry into Mars' atmosphere â a bold move that skips the need for orbiting before landing.

Slowing down during this high-speed descent will be managed through a process called aerobraking, which uses the Martian atmosphere to reduce velocity.

To do this safely, ISRO will employ a heat-protective aeroshell and supersonic parachutes, helping the spacecraft withstand intense atmospheric friction and rapidly drop speed.

Descent Stage will detach from the Cruise Stage and make a direct entry. (Photo: ESA)
The final phase of the landing will begin when the Descent Stage is about 1.3 km above the Martian surface. At this point, the lander will engage its powered descent system â a set of onboard engines designed to guide and control a soft and precise touchdown.

If successful, Mangalyaan-2 will mark India's first attempt at landing on another planet, placing it in an elite group of nations to achieve such a feat. The mission's success would not only boost India's standing in space exploration but also provide invaluable data for future interplanetary missions.

While ISRO has yet to confirm a launch date, the planning reveals a bold and technically complex mission that could pave the way for deeper Martian exploration â and one more giant leap for India's space program.


Related video: It will be routine to go into space in the next two decades: Pawan Chandana (India Today)

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India leading most cost-effective, successful space programme in world: PM Narendra Modi​

22h•
5 min read

India leading most cost-effective, successful space programme in world: PM Narendra Modi
Noting that India has become a global space power, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday said the country is leading the most cost-effective but successful space programme in the entire world and is going to scale new heights in the future. Many youth are attaining new milestones in the field of space startups, Modi said, adding 10 years ago, there was only one company, but today there are more than 325 space startups working in the country.

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In his monthly radio broadcast 'Mann Ki Baat', he also paid tributes to former ISRO chief K Kasturirangan, who passed away last week.

"Two days ago we lost the country's great scientist Dr. K. Kasturirangan ji. Whenever I met Kasturirangan ji, we discussed topics like the talent of Indian youth, modern education, Space-Science. His contribution in lending newer heights to science, education and India's space programme shall always be remembered. ISRO attained a new identity under his leadership," he said.

The space programmes that moved forward under his guidance gave global recognition to India's efforts, Modi said.

Many of the satellites that India uses today were launched under the supervision of Dr. Kasturirangan, he said.

"There was one more special facet to his personality, which the younger generation can learn from. He always accorded importance to innovation. The vision of learning, knowing and doing something new is very inspiring," Modi said.


Related video: It will be routine to go into space in the next two decades: Pawan Chandana (India Today)
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The prime minister said Kasturirangan also played a major role in formulating the new National Education Policy of the country.

Kasturirangan came up with the idea of ' ' forward looking" education according to the modern needs of the 21st century, Modi said.

"His selfless service to the country and contribution to nation building will always be remembered. Very humbly, I pay my tribute to Dr. K. Kasturirangan," he said.

Noting that April marks 50 years of the launch of the Aryabhata Satellite, Modi said, "Today, when we look back and remember this journey of 50 years, we realise how far we have come. This flight of India's dreams in space once commenced with just conviction. Some young scientists with the passion to do something for the nation - they neither had the modern resources like today, nor the access to world technology as such. If at all they had anything, it was talent, dedication, hard work and the passion to do something for the country."


"You must have seen pictures of our scientists carrying critical equipment themselves on bullock carts and bicycles. It is the result of that very dedication and spirit of service to the nation that so much has changed today," he said.

Modi pointed out that India has become a global space power, pointing "We have created a record by launching 104 satellites simultaneously. We have become the first country to reach the South Pole of the Moon. India has launched the Mars Orbiter Mission and we have reached pretty close to the Sun through the Aditya - L1 Mission," he said.

Today, India is leading the most cost-effective but successful space programme in the entire world, he pointed out.

Many countries of the world take help from ISRO for their satellites and space missions, Modi said.

"When we see a satellite launch by ISRO, we are filled with pride. I had a similar feeling when I witnessed the launch of PSLV-C-23 in 2014. I was also present at the ISRO Centre in Bengaluru during the landing of Chandrayaan-2 in 2019. At that time Chandrayaan failed to achieve the expected success, it was a very difficult time for the scientists. But I could see with my own eyes the patience of the scientists and their zeal to achieve something," he said.


And a few years later, the whole world too noticed how the same scientists made Chandrayaan-3 a success, the PM added.

Noting that India has opened her space sector for the private sector as well, Modi said today many youth are attaining new milestones in the field of space startups.

"The times to come are ushering in a lot of new possibilities in Space.India is going to scale new heights. The country is busy preparing for many important missions like Gaganyaan, SpaDeX and Chandrayaan-4. We are also working on the Venus Orbiter Mission and Mars Lander Mission," he said.

Indian space scientists are going to fill the people of the country with new pride through their innovations, Modi said.

Recalling the 'Champaran Satyagraha', Modi said it was the first big experiment by Bapu in India.

"The entire British rule was shaken by Bapu's Satyagraha. The British had to suspend the law that forced farmers to cultivate indigo. This was a victory that infused new confidence in the freedom struggle. All of you must be aware that another son of Bihar also contributed a lot to this Satyagraha, who became the first President of the country after Independence. The great personality was Dr. Rajendra Prasad. He also wrote a book on the 'Champaran Satyagraha'," Modi said.

Many more indelible chapters of the freedom struggle are associated with April itself, he said.

"Gandhiji's 'Dandi March' culminated on the 6th of April itself. This march which commenced on the 12th of March and continued for 24 days had shaken the British. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in April itself. The marks of this blood stained history are still present on the soil of Punjab," Modi said.

He said that in a few days, on May 10, the anniversary of the first freedom struggle would also be there.

The spark that arose in that first battle for freedom, later became a torch for millions of freedom fighters, Modi said.

"On April 26, we observed the death anniversary of the great hero of the 1857 revolution, Babu Veer Kunwar Singh. The entire country derives inspiration from this great freedom fighter of Bihar. We have to keep alive the immortal inspirations of lakhs of such freedom fighters," he said.


The energy received from them provides renewed strength to our resolve of 'Amrit Kaal', Modi added.

He said the biggest strength of the country is our 140 crore citizens, their capability, their will power, and when crores of people join a campaign together, its impact is huge.

He cited the example of the 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign and pointed out that on the 5th of June, on 'World Environment Day', this campaign is completing one year.

"During this one year, under this campaign, more than 140 crore trees have been planted in the name of the mother across the country. Observing this initiative of India, people outside the country have also planted trees in the name of their mother," he said.

In his broadcast, Modi also lauded how in Wayanad, saffron is not being grown in any field or soil but with the help of aeroponics technique.
For more news like this visit The Economic Times.

MSN

 

[Saif]

Indian space agency’s satellite mission fails due to technical issue

The Indian space agency’s mission to launch into orbit a new Earth observation satellite failed after the launch vehicle encountered a technical issue, officials said Sunday.

www.newagebd.net

Indian space agency’s satellite mission fails due to technical issue
United News of Bangladesh/ AP. New Delhi 18 May, 2025, 17:01

View of PSLV-C61 launch vehicle of India. | ISRO X handle

The Indian space agency’s mission to launch into orbit a new Earth observation satellite failed after the launch vehicle encountered a technical issue, officials said Sunday.

The EOS-09 Earth observation satellite took off on board the PSLV-C61 launch vehicle from the Sriharikota space center in southern India on Sunday morning.

‘During the third stage ... there was a fall in the chamber pressure of the motor case, and the mission could not be accomplished,’ said V Narayanan, chief of the Indian Space Research Organisation.

Active in space research since the 1960s, India has launched satellites for itself and other countries, and successfully put one in orbit around Mars in 2014.

After a failed attempt to land on the moon in 2019, India became the first country to land a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole in 2023 in a historic voyage to uncharted territory that scientists believe could hold reserves of frozen water. The mission was dubbed as a technological triumph for the world’s most populous nation.

 

[Krishna with Flute]

Indian space agency’s satellite mission fails due to technical issue

The Indian space agency’s mission to launch into orbit a new Earth observation satellite failed after the launch vehicle encountered a technical issue, officials said Sunday.

www.newagebd.net

Indian space agency’s satellite mission fails due to technical issue
United News of Bangladesh/ AP. New Delhi 18 May, 2025, 17:01

View attachment 17521
View of PSLV-C61 launch vehicle of India. | ISRO X handle

The Indian space agency’s mission to launch into orbit a new Earth observation satellite failed after the launch vehicle encountered a technical issue, officials said Sunday.

The EOS-09 Earth observation satellite took off on board the PSLV-C61 launch vehicle from the Sriharikota space center in southern India on Sunday morning.

‘During the third stage ... there was a fall in the chamber pressure of the motor case, and the mission could not be accomplished,’ said V Narayanan, chief of the Indian Space Research Organisation.

Active in space research since the 1960s, India has launched satellites for itself and other countries, and successfully put one in orbit around Mars in 2014.

After a failed attempt to land on the moon in 2019, India became the first country to land a spacecraft near the moon’s south pole in 2023 in a historic voyage to uncharted territory that scientists believe could hold reserves of frozen water. The mission was dubbed as a technological triumph for the world’s most populous nation.

Third failure of PSLV rocket todate.

 

[Saif]

Third failure of PSLV rocket todate.

What is the time frame for India to send astronaut to Moon?

 

[Krishna with Flute]

What is the time frame for India to send astronaut to Moon?

By 2030. It is not on our priority list. Reusable rockets are on priority. Scremjet engines are on priority list.

 

[Profpremrajp]

India’s push for home-grown satellite constellation gets 30 aspirants
REUTERS
Published :
Dec 24, 2024 21:39
Updated :
Dec 24, 2024 21:39

View attachment 12085
A satellite model is placed on a picture of Earth in this illustration taken November 25, 2024. Photo : REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration/Files

Thirty Indian companies have answered the space regulator’s call to build and operate constellations of Earth observation (EO) satellites in a groundbreaking private-public partnership to reduce the country’s reliance on foreign data for defense, infrastructure management and other critical mapping needs.

“We have received 9 applications ... Each applicant represents a consortium, involving a total of 30 companies,” said Pawan Goenka, chairman of the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre, or IN-SPACe.

The regulator had sought “expressions of interest” (EoI) in July to build home-grown satellite constellations as part of a broader strategy to monetize the sector and ensure data sovereignty.

India is doubling down on its small satellite and data services market to carve out a leading role in the global commercialization of space. The market for such services, increasingly key for industries ranging from telecoms to climate monitoring, is projected to reach $45 billion by 2030, opens new tab.

The applicants for IN-SPACe’s latest effort in this regard include startups such as Google-backed Pixxel and Baring Private Equity-backed SatSure, as well as larger entities like Tata Group’s Tata Advanced Systems. The companies did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

Goenka said he expects technical evaluations to be completed by the end of January, after which a tender will be floated to determine the winning bidder.

IN-SPACe’s eligibility criteria include applicants raising or investing at least 850 million rupees ($10 million) in space-related activities, having a valuation of 8.5 billion rupees, or a turnover of 2 billion rupees in the past three years.

They must also set up spacecraft control centres in India or partner with ground station service providers for operational needs.

The government plans to loan up to 3.5 billion to the winner, with private companies expected to cover the remaining costs, according to a source familiar with the matter.

Since opening the sector to private players in February, India has established a 10-billion-rupee venture fund to support space startups.

The country has also unveiled ambitious plans for crewed space exploration and a mission to Venus, but the primary focus remains on fostering commercial ventures and scaling up private sector participation.

India currently sources much of its EO data from foreign companies and agencies like the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

IIFCL Projects Ltd, an advisory arm under the Ministry of Finance, is overseeing the bidding process.​

Prof. Prem raj Pushpakaran writes -- 2025 marks the 50th year since the launch of Aryabhata, and let us celebrate the occasion!!! Prof Prem raj Pushpakaran Profile Page | World Architecture Community