[🇧🇩] Save the Rivers/Forests/Hills-----Save the Environment

[Saif]

Wasa pipeline chokes Bhairab

The 20km part of Bhairab River, stretching from Khulna to Bagerhat, is shrinking into a stagnant canal due to a massive pipeline installed by the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Wasa).

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Wasa pipeline chokes Bhairab

Rivers are the lifelines of Bangladesh, shaping its geography, economy, and culture. However, unchecked encroachment, pollution, and water withdrawal from upstream have left many rivers struggling to survive. Once-mighty rivers like the Padma, Bhairab, and countless others are drying up, forming vast shoals, disrupting agriculture, and forcing fishermen to abandon their livelihoods. The worsening crisis demands urgent attention and action. On this International Day of Action for Rivers, let's have a look at two of our rivers, which once used to flow gloriously, but are now being choked to death due to a lack of sustainable management, dredging, and pollution control.

The 20km part of Bhairab River, stretching from Khulna to Bagerhat, is shrinking into a stagnant canal due to a massive pipeline installed by the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Wasa).

The 56-inch-diameter pipeline, laid without an adequate environmental assessment, has severely disrupted the river's natural flow, causing heavy siltation and making navigation nearly impossible for boats and trawlers.

To protect the pipeline, Wasa later erected five- to six-foot-high iron structures, further worsening the situation.

These barriers obstruct boat movement, forcing fishermen and transporters to wait for high tide to cross. During low tide, the pipeline remains exposed, creating an impassable obstruction.

"Almost every day, I have to wait an extra six to seven hours for the tide to rise just to cross the pipeline," said Sabur Rana, a fisherman from Naihati village, Rupsha. "Khulna Wasa did this without thinking of our plight. We urge the authorities to resolve it immediately."

Mohammad Ali, a 75-year-old tea stall owner near the Mulghar Bridge, said, "This river, once 300 feet wide, has narrowed to just 20-25 feet over the years. The pipeline has made things worse."

The once-mighty Bhairab, vital for trade and transportation, is now struggling to survive. Businesses relying on river transport face immense hardship, with goods-laden boats frequently getting stuck.

In 2019, Water Development Board (WDB) undertook a Tk 24.23 crore excavation project to improve the river's water flow, dredging 17.5km of the river from Daratana in Bagerhat to Atharobaki in Khulna.

However, the benefits of this effort have been undone by the pipeline's installation.

Md Humayun Kabir, WDB sub-assistant engineer, said, "We opposed the pipeline installation. When the river flow was obstructed post-excavation, we warned them again. Instead of resolving the issue, they made things worse by erecting an iron cage."

Environmentalists say Bhairab's condition reflects the larger crisis facing Khulna's rivers.

Mahfuzur Rahman Mukul, divisional coordinator of the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA), said, "Around 50 rivers in this region are under threat. A responsible government institution should protect them. The pipeline must be removed or relocated immediately."

WDB has repeatedly urged Wasa to relocate the pipeline, with even the deputy commissioner of Bagerhat writing to higher authorities, including the cabinet secretary, five times. Yet, no concrete action has been taken.

Khan Salim Ahmed, superintending engineer of Khulna Wasa, said steps are being taken to relocate the pipeline. "The estimation is complete, and a contractor has been appointed. We are working on laying the pipe deeper underground for a sustainable solution," he said.

However, locals remain skeptical, fearing that bureaucratic delays will further endanger the Bhairab's survival.​

 

[Saif]

37 rivers in Khulna division at risk: speakers

Relentless encroachment and pollution have placed 37 rivers in Khulna division in critical condition, warned speakers at an International Day of Action for Rivers event in Mongla yesterday

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37 rivers in Khulna division at risk: speakers

Photo: Partha Chakrabortty/Star

Relentless encroachment and pollution have placed 37 rivers in Khulna division in critical condition, warned speakers at an International Day of Action for Rivers event in Mongla yesterday.

They also mentioned that out of the 138 rivers in the division, 21 have completely lost their flow, while seven are only partially active.

The alarming situation was highlighted during a river inspection and protest programme at the confluence of the Mongla and Pashur rivers, organised by "Dharitri Rokkay Amra" (We for Earth), "Sundarban Rokkay Amra" (We for Sundarbans), and Pashur River Waterkeeper, under the slogan "Our Rivers, Our Future".

At the programme, Mongla Technical and Business Management College Principal Md Selim said, "Rivers are an integral part of our heritage and culture. The vast network of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Padma, Jamuna, Pashur, Rupsha, Surma, and Teesta forms the lifeline of Bangladesh. However, climate change, upstream water withdrawal, pollution, encroachment, unplanned development, and administrative negligence have pushed these rivers to the brink of extinction."

Women's rights activist Kamala Sarker expressed concerns over the environmental hazards caused by the Rampal Power Plant.

She said, "Pollution from the Rampal Power Plant has led to the presence of toxic substances in fish from the Sundarbans' rivers, posing a serious threat to human health. It is high time we shut down this environmentally destructive project".

Meanwhile, environmental activist Mostafizur Rahman Milon, lyricist Mollah Al Mamun, and river activists Idris Imon and Hasib Sardar addressed the gathering, urging immediate action to protect the country's rivers. Volunteer members of the Pashur River Waterkeeper, including Dollar Mollah and Mehedi Hasan, actively participated in the discussions.

Mohammad Noor Alam Sheikh, coordinator of 'Sundarban Rokkay Amra' and Pashur River Waterkeeper, warned that industrial, plastic, and agricultural waste are exacerbating river pollution.

He also said, "Climate change is another major threat to our rivers. Rising sea levels and increased salinity are making the water in coastal rivers unfit for use, aggravating both agricultural challenges and the drinking water crisis".

He further highlighted the impact of reduced Ganges water flow and climate change on the Sundarbans by adding, "The rising salinity levels in the Sundarbans' rivers are accelerating the destruction of the mangrove forest, putting its unique ecosystem at serious risk."

Speakers at the event unanimously urged the authorities to take immediate action to protect the country's rivers from further destruction. They warned that without urgent intervention, Bangladesh's rivers, which are vital for biodiversity, livelihoods, and agriculture will continue to degrade, posing a serious threat to both people and nature.​

 

[Saif]

Judicial activism in protection of environment

JUDICIAL activism in environmental protection goes beyond the mere enforcement of the statutory provision of the environment laws and embraces restitutionary as well as injunctive relief. Bangladesh, like many other...

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Judicial activism in protection of environment
by Kanak Kanti Karmakar and Pritom Kanti Karmakar 15 March, 2025, 00:00

New Age

JUDICIAL activism in environmental protection goes beyond the mere enforcement of the statutory provision of the environment laws and embraces restitutionary as well as injunctive relief. Bangladesh, like many other developing countries, is facing multitude of environmental problems such as air pollution, hazardous wastes, land degradation, water pollution, etc. But the current regulatory arrangements and institutional frameworks for enforcement are both inadequate and ill-equipped to resolve the burgeoning environmental problems in Bangladesh.

Public interest environmental litigation has been developed in Bangladesh through judicial activism to establish collective rights of people. Through the process, the High Court has applied its its jurisdiction under Article 102 of the constitution to safeguard citizens’ environmental rights. In addition to that, the judicial redress mostly relies on the human rights arguments based on constitutional provisions related to the right to life (Article 31 and 32), the writ jurisdiction of the courts (Article 44 and 102) and the statutory obligations of public agencies.

In Bangladesh, public interest environmental litigation has been initiated by non-governmental organisations rather than individuals. The Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers’ Association has played a pioneer role in introducing public interest litigation in general and has filed numerous writs for the protection of environment, in other words public interest environmental litigation, in particular. The Human Rights and Peace for Bangladesh is another non-governmental organisation which has initiated a substantial number of public interest litigation writ petitions for the protection of environment.

The judiciary allowed public interest environmental litigation for the first time in the case of Dr Mohiuddin Farooque versus Bangladesh and others. In the case, the judiciary paved the way for public interest lawsuits by broadly defining the phrases ‘person aggrieved’ to include anybody who, while not directly impacted, has a sufficient interest in the subject matter. The petition challenged the constitutionality of Tangail’s experimental flood action plan scheme. After the court decision, the government revised the project, abandoning the original proposal and implementing an environmental impact assessment plan in consultation with local residents.

There was no constitutional provision for environmental protection before the 15th amendment, which included Article 18A.

Thus, Dr Mohiuddin Farooque v Bangladesh (1996) was the first legal acknowledgement of environmental protection. During the 1996 general election campaign, a petition was filed to challenge the nuisance and sound population. The court ordered the attorney general to take the necessary action to avoid damage to public and private property during election campaigns.

In another case of Dr Mohiuddin Farooque versus Bangladesh and others, the right to environment was expressly recognised as being included in the right to life. Dr Farooque filed this petition as a potential consumer seeking redress for the failure of the authorities to take effective and efficacious measures in dealing with the consignment of 125 tonnes of skimmed milk powder imported by Bangladesh and found by the Atomic Energy Commission to contain a high concentration of radioactivity.

The judgement addressed several critical concerns for the first time. While the authorities were directed to adopt necessary measures to ensure a proper testing of milk, the scope of constitutional right to life was given a broader meaning. The right to the environment was clearly recognised as part of the right to life. The court held that ‘Right to life is not only limited to the protection of life and limbs but extends to the protection of health and strength of the workers, their means of livelihood, enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, bare necessaries of life, facilities for education, development of children, maternity benefit, free movement, maintenance and improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions congenial to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity.’

The judicial activism through public interest litigation has also helped to protect rivers from being encroached on. In the case of Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers’ Association versus Bangladesh and others (2000), judicial intervention was sought to protect the only river flowing through Dhaka from being illegally encroached on.

In some public interest environmental litigation cases, the judiciary invoked the international environmental law to protect environment and directed the government to adopt legislative and administrative measures under environment treaties which Bangladesh ratified. In the case of the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers’ Association versus Bangladesh and others (2003), the association filed a petition to challenge the operation of ship-breaking yards in Chattogram. It claimed that the yards were operating without environmental approvals, causing major environmental deterioration and posing serious health hazards to workers and local populations. The court observed that Bangladesh, being a signatory to the Basel Convention, is obliged to follow the norms laid down in that convention.

In another writ petition by the Human Rights and Peace for Bangladesh versus the government of Bangladesh (2009), the High Court ordered relevant authorities to stop the pollution of the water of the River Buriganga with effective measures and to take steps to seal all the sewerage lines linked with the river.

It is clear that the activism of the higher judiciary has played a pivotal role in the protection of environment and developing environmental jurisprudence. Despite the enormous success of public interest environmental litigation, the judiciary is yet to recognise the principles such as the polluters-pay principle, precautionary principle, sustainable development, absolute liability which have been recognised by the judiciary of other countries.

Unfortunately, in the judicial system of Bangladesh, there are a very few instances of environmental matters where suo moto intervention has been applied. In most public interest environmental litigation, the principal reliefs are interim orders which are declaratory rather than compensatory. Therefore, the authorities concerned should incorporate the principles to protect the environment more effectively.

Kanak Kanti Karmakar is a lecturer in law and justice in the North East University Bangladesh, Sylhet; and Pritom Kanti Karmakar is a student of law in Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka.​

 

[Saif]

Granting rivers legal status can redefine our relationship with nature

When a river becomes a legal subject, it can challenge harmful development, pollution, and degradation—forcing humans to respect its interests.

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Granting rivers legal status can redefine our relationship with nature
What happens when we start treating rivers as legal subjects—when we grant them rights and powers of their own?

The rights of nature have gained momentum over the past two decades, particularly concerning rivers. FILE PHOTO: STAR
Across the world, several rivers have been given legal personhood or recognised as living entities. These rivers are often highly polluted or degraded, yet they remain deeply cherished by the communities that depend on and revere them. Even when a river is sick, we can all take steps to restore it and rebuild a meaningful relationship with it.

This prompts a critical question: can law act as a mechanism of repair to restore our broken relationship with rivers, especially under the framework of "rights of nature?"

Traditionally, water law has treated rivers as mere resources—objects over which humans exercise dominion. Recognising rivers as living or legal entities profoundly challenges this notion. It asserts that rivers are far more than resources; they are beings with intrinsic value. Even before practical enforcement, the symbolic significance of acknowledging the "rights of nature" forces us to reconsider our fundamental relationship with water.

The rights of nature have gained momentum over the past two decades, particularly concerning rivers. However, legal recognition of rivers varies, creating differing scopes of rights, duties, and protections.

Legal person or subject of rights

The concept of a legal person treats an entity as capable of bearing rights and duties—similar to a corporation. This allows rivers to sue, be sued, and possess certain legal protections. For instance, Colombia's Atrato River was recognised by the Constitutional Court as a legal subject, endowed with specific rights to protection, conservation, and restoration. Notably, it was not granted the right to own property or water rights—its rights were confined to what the court explicitly outlined.

Living person

In India, some rivers—such as the Ganga and Yamuna—were recognised as "living persons." This is a legally creative but also complicated concept, as the law typically reserves "personhood" for human beings. Recognising a river as a living person raises perplexing questions: if it is now "dead" due to pollution, is someone criminally liable? Indeed, in the Yamuna's case, a police report was filed for its "homicide." But such recognition blurs boundaries: can a river commit crimes? Does it enjoy human rights? These ambiguities highlight the tension within the legal system when adapting such novel frameworks.

Living entity

The notion of a living entity is more symbolic and carries less legal power. It acknowledges the river as a holistic, living system and challenges exploitative notions of water as a mere resource. However, it does not grant practical rights, such as the ability to litigate or hold property. Despite its legal weakness, this recognition can be transformative in reshaping public and governmental attitudes towards rivers.

The problem of missing water rights

A glaring issue emerges when examining rivers granted legal status: none have been awarded water rights. Even where courts recognise a river's personhood, such as in Colombia, water rights remain absent. Rivers remain disconnected from the legal mechanisms that control access to water, leaving their survival contingent upon human decision-making rather than inherent entitlements.

This gap highlights a profound flaw. Without access to their own water flows, rivers cannot be meaningfully protected. Water rights are essential to ensuring that a river's ecological needs are respected.

In the era of the climate crisis—what many call the Anthropocene—humanity faces environmental challenges on a scale previously unknown. Countries like Bangladesh and India are already suffering the effects of rising temperatures and water crises. In this context, rights of nature, including river personhood, are emerging as radical tools for environmental protection.

Yet, resistance persists. The entrenched disconnect between traditional water law and the idea of rivers as rights holders reflects a broader hesitation to overhaul outdated legal frameworks.

When a river becomes a legal subject, it can challenge harmful development, pollution, and degradation—forcing humans to respect its interests. But this can inadvertently reinforce an adversarial relationship, positioning humans and rivers as competing claimants in courtrooms.

Conversely, recognising a river as a living entity, though legally weak, encourages an ethic of relationality and care. It invites us to view rivers not as objects of use but as partners in a shared ecosystem. This shift moves beyond transactional, extractive models of water governance and fosters reciprocal relationships, where human and river well-being are intertwined.

What can we give to the river?

Historically, society's relationship with rivers has centred on "what can we take?"—focusing on the services rivers provide: water, transport, fish, and hydropower. Even now, this extractive narrative dominates.

However, recognising rivers as living entities introduces new narratives: "what do we want for the river?" and "how do we walk with the river to achieve that vision?" These are profound shifts in perspective. They suggest that rivers should have a voice—represented by guardians, community leaders, or river commissions—and that we must listen to and act on that voice.

In this model, rivers become partners rather than adversaries. Communities engage in collective stewardship, imagining futures where rivers thrive alongside human populations. This is a transformative step towards sustainable coexistence, particularly crucial as climate change accelerates ecological crises.

To ensure that the new legal status of rivers translates into real protection, two critical gaps must be bridged: First, aligning water law with river rights—so that rivers gain the water flows necessary to sustain their ecosystems. Second, shifting societal narratives—from extractive relationships to reciprocal, caring engagements with rivers.

Ultimately, legal personhood or entity status should not simply be symbolic. It should lead to concrete protections, guaranteed water rights, and restored ecological health—allowing rivers to flourish as living beings with whom we share our world.

Mohammad Azaz is researcher and administrator at Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC).​

 

[Saif]

Dhaka's deadly air: What we know and what we can do

Dhaka's air is a stew of brick kiln soot, exhaust fumes, construction dust, and factory emissions

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DHAKA’S DEADLY AIR
What we know and what we can do
This report was prepared jointly by researchers at ICDDR,B and the Bengal Institute for Architecture, Landscapes and Settlements.

Immediate measures to improve Dhaka’s air quality. Prepared by the Bengal Institute.

We are what we breathe. Now imagine that breath—something we do without thinking—could be quietly slashing years of our lives. That's no idle fear: air pollution claimed 8.1 million lives in 2021 alone, roughly one in every eight deaths worldwide and one in three in South Asia, according to the latest Global Disease Burden report. It's the second deadliest health risk on the planet, trailing only high blood pressure, and it spares no one.

The threat comes in two forms: the polluted air filling our streets and the smoke lurking indoors from cooking fires or dusty homes. Over 90% of us breathe air so toxic it acts as a slow poison, says the World Health Organization. Tiny particles—PM2.5—slip past our defenses, wreaking havoc: 48% of chronic lung diseases like COPD tie back to this particulate matter, while 34% of preterm births in 2021—babies arriving too early—link to the air mothers breathe.

Dhaka has some of the deadliest air pollution in the world. Routinely among the world's most polluted cities, its air is a stew of brick kiln soot, exhaust fumes, construction dust, and factory emissions, whipped up by runaway urban sprawl. Recent reports show its Air Quality Index (AQI) often topping 200— "very unhealthy"—a daily gamble for lungs and hearts. The Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project tracked the toll: In 2018, 75% of days were unfit to breathe. Even in 2020, over half stayed hazardous. For millions in Dhaka, it's coughs that won't quit, cancers that bloom silently, and hearts that give out too soon.

In 2024, Dhaka ranked 13th among the most polluted global cities based on AQI-US standards. This year, in January and February, Dhaka consistently ranked first in the list of most polluted global cities for 11 days when AQI exceeded 243, with the highest of 392 on February 10, 2025, surpassing even Delhi and Lahore, two of Asia's most polluted cities. From 25th January 2025 to 23rd February 2025, IQAIR data shows Dhaka's air was unhealthy for 18 days, very unhealthy for 15 days, and hazardous for 1 day. During this period, the average AQI of Dhaka City was 203, and the average PM2.5 concentration was 124 µg/m3. This PM2.5 concentration is eight times the 24-hour standard (15 µg/m3) and 25 times the annual standard (5 µg/m3) set by the WHO.

The biggest polluters

It is critical to pinpoint the sources of air pollution correctly. When it comes to pointing out the causes of Dhaka's toxic air, most reports and features attribute it singularly to the brick kilns surrounding the city. While brick factories play their part, the actual causes remain largely unexplored due to a lack of comprehensive research. National and international studies provide valuable insights into how different sectors contribute to Dhaka's air pollution. For example, a survey by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (2015) identified industrial emissions, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion as the primary culprits behind the city's toxic air. The report reveals that these three sectors together release 19,000 tons of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) into Dhaka's air annually, with industries alone contributing 17,556 tons of PM2.5 each year. Industries are also the leading source of Sulfur Oxide (SOx) emissions, releasing around 60,000 tons annually. Additionally, transportation is the major emitter of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), at 7,500 tons per year, followed by industries at 2,000 tons. In terms of Carbon Oxides (COx), transportation (18,450 tons/year) and fossil fuel combustion (12,350 tons/year) are the dominant sources.

Another report, the Bangladesh National Air Quality Management Plan 2024-2030, identified six sectors of PM2.5 pollution in Dhaka City: household combustion, power plants, brick kilns, solid waste, road dust, and transport. Among these, household combustion contributes the most (28%) and transport the least (4%), according to the document. The report states that brick kilns contribute only 13% of Dhaka's total PM2.5 pollution, yet surprisingly, it does not mention industrial emissions at all.

A significant discrepancy shows up when comparing the two studies. While the Norwegian study identifies industry as the major contributor to PM2.5 pollution, the national report attributes the largest share to households. Additionally, the national report does not provide data on gas pollution, and neither report accounts for ozone pollution. These discrepancies and gaps highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive study.

Long-term initiatives to reduce Dhaka’s air pollution. Prepared by the Bengal Institute.

Seasonal patterns of pollution in Dhaka's air

Air pollution in Dhaka also exhibits seasonal variability, with significantly higher levels in the winter months (December–February) and lower levels in the monsoon season (June–September). However, in the summer and post-monsoon seasons, although the levels of particulate matter and gases remain lower than in winter, they still exceed air quality standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh's National Air Quality Standards. A similar seasonal pattern can be observed in other major cities nationwide.

Weather phenomena and the intensity of human activities influence the seasonal fluctuations in air pollution. In winter, limited rainfall, increased construction activities, and sporadic sand filling are the primary contributors to elevated pollutant levels in Dhaka. Additionally, northwestern winter winds carry transboundary pollutants and smoke from brick kilns in northern and northwestern Dhaka over the city, pushing air quality to highly toxic levels.

During this period, not only does particulate pollution increase, but the emission of toxic gases—such as NO2, SO2, CO, and O3—from proliferated industries in the city also reaches its peak concentration in the air. However, as the monsoon begins in June and continues through September, heavy rainfall reduces the levels of both gases and particulate matter in Dhaka's air, slightly improving air quality and making it breathable.

Despite slightly better conditions during the monsoon, ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations remain elevated in summer due to reactions between NO2, emitted by vehicles and industries, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. This lower atmospheric Ozone (O3) is particularly harmful to individuals with respiratory conditions. Satellite-based analyses by the Bengal Institute reveal clear seasonal trends in the concentration of major pollutants in Dhaka and its surrounding areas.

Proliferation of brick kilns in and around Dhaka City

Brick manufacturing in and around Dhaka City continues to be the most cited polluting culprit. While in 1990, there were around 250 brick kilns in the proximity of the city, the number grew three-and-a-half-fold in 2000, driven by the increasing demand for construction projects. Over the past two decades, the number of brick kilns surged to around one thousand. These brick kilns now encircle the city along the five rivers: Buriganga, Turag, Dhaleswari, Shitalakhya, and Bangshi. The availability of suitable textured soil, extensive open lands, easy waterway transportation, and increased city demand are key factors for their locational developments.

Recent satellite imagery analysis by the Geographic Research Unit of the Bengal Institute identified 389 operational brick kilns within the RAJUK boundary of Dhaka, with an additional 600 kilns located within 20 kilometers of the RAJUK area.

Smoke containing NO2, CO, SO2, and particulate matter (PM) from coal combustion in these brick kilns, especially during the winter months, is carried over Dhaka City by the northwestern winds, leading to a significant deterioration in Dhaka's air quality.

Transboundary air pollution transmission

Not all of Dhaka's air pollution originates within the city itself. During the period from late October to December, the great Indo-Gangetic Plain (an area of 700,000 sq. km.) experiences a dense cloud of smoke in its air, mainly due to stubble burning. Farmers in northern India burn paddy straw after harvesting rice, causing this extremely polluted air, mixed with smoke and particulates, to engulf the densely populated plain, covering Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Bangladesh. The cloudy haze over this region is also contributed by more than 100 coal-fired power plants operational throughout the year in northern India. Some studies confirm that Delhi's Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeds 400 during that time, which requires shutting down academic institutes and calls for people to work from home.

An article published by the World Bank on February 3, 2023, says that around 30% of the pollution in Bangladesh's bigger cities originates in India. As winter sets in, the northwestern wind carries fine-particle-laden smoke from the extensive Indo-Gangetic region of India towards the southeast, which at that time looks like a river of haze following the Ganges River's flow direction towards Bangladesh. This massive cloud of dust spills out into the Bay of Bengal, crossing the entire sky of Bangladesh.

REMEDIATIONS AND MEASURES: WHAT WE CAN DO

Given Dhaka's persistently hazardous air pollution, remediation is neither straightforward nor quick. Addressing air pollution requires coordinated efforts from the government, industries, businesses, and citizens. While various measures must be implemented across multiple sectors with both short- and long-term goals, the ultimate responsibility lies in comprehensive urban and regional planning that prioritizes the health and well-being of the city's residents. Below is a summary and diagram of the key remediation measures that need to be undertaken.

Enhancing monitoring and recording systems

Proper monitoring is the first crucial step in addressing this dire condition affecting the city's health and well-being. The government of Bangladesh initiated the Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project to monitor air pollution across the country. Under this project, to provide real-time air quality information, the DoE installed 16 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAMS) in eleven cities: Dhaka has 4 stations, Chattagram has 2, and Gazipur, Narayangaj, Narsingdi, Khulna, Barishal, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Rangpur, Cumilla, and Mymensingh, each has one. All of these CAMS record concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO in the surrounding air of the station location based on which daily Air Quality Index (AQI) data is provided. However, 16 stations are insufficient to assess national air quality, and four stations alone cannot accurately represent Dhaka's air quality. If there are no monitoring stations installed in areas like industrial and other active zones, how can we measure the quality of air for those areas? How can meaningful management strategies be developed without detailed spatial air quality data for all those zones?

Bangladesh launched the National Air Quality Management Plan (2024–2030) (NAQMP), developed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change and the Department of Environment. The primary goal of the NAQMP is to meet the interim target for annual PM2.5 set by the World Health Organization (WHO) while meeting the targets outlined in the national air quality standards: (1) reducing PM2.5 concentration in the air of the entire country to 15µg/m³ and in Dhaka's air to 30µg/m³ by 2030, and (2) gradually increasing Good and Moderate AQI days annually. Focusing on meeting those targets, a national committee on air pollution control was formed to implement Air Pollution Control Rules (2022) and coordinate with relevant agencies on specific interventions to comply with the new rules. However, this management plan has not been effective due to several resource constraints and limitations. A critical gap in the NAQMP is that it provides a set of suggestions for different entities polluting the air without setting up strict obligations for them. Another weakness is the absence of regulations in the NAQMP to control toxic industrial emissions.

Disease and pollution correlation

To identify the health impacts of air pollution, it is essential to develop a comprehensive locational database of respiratory diseases. Continuous monitoring of patients' respiratory health with their locational information can be collected throughout the year. Once the database is created, it can be correlated with pollution data to understand how people are affected by air pollution and at what level, according to specific areas.

Issuing air pollution forecasts

Another important measure is to provide 2/3 days of air pollution forecast information so people can take cautionary measures in advance. Preparing this forecast model also requires intensive spatial data, as mentioned before.

Movement of transboundary air pollution. On 28 January 2025, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua and Terra satellites captured this true-color image of dust drifting across the Gangetic Plain, stretching over India and Bangladesh. Image by NASA, 2025. Map prepared by the Bengal Institute.
Controlling industrial emissions

Upgrading factory technologies and shifting to clean energy utilization in factories need to be encouraged through tax exemptions. In addition, industries should install indoor air purification systems for the health benefits of the people working there. Since brick kilns significantly worsen Dhaka's air quality, particularly in winter, alternative locations for these factories should be explored. If relocation is not feasible, improved production methods, such as the Zigzag 2.0 technology proposed by ICDDR,B, must be adopted.

Regulating vehicular emissions and promoting sustainable transportation

Investing in low-emission public transportation infrastructure, such as buses, trams, and metro systems, can substantially reduce emissions by decreasing dependence on private vehicles. This shift will also reduce travel times, minimizing residents' exposure to traffic-related pollution. Additional measures, such as limiting vehicle speeds, designating parking zones, banning vehicles that emit black smoke, restricting heavy-duty vehicles during the daytime, phasing out expired vehicles or upgrading them with particulate matter reduction devices, implementing stringent regulations for diesel-powered vehicles, and promoting environmentally friendly transportation options, can further curb air pollution from traffic. Improving current motor vehicle exhaust technologies to ensure more efficient combustion will also contribute to reducing emissions. In addition, Dhaka's footpaths need to be more pedestrian-friendly to encourage people to walk short distances. In summary, Dhaka's traffic system needs a complete overhaul to create a more sustainable, pedestrian- and eco-friendly urban environment.

Managing construction, road dust, and open sands

The rapid urbanization of Dhaka has led to excessive dust pollution from construction sites and unpaved roads. Implementing mandatory dust control measures—such as covering construction materials, using water sprinklers, and installing dust barriers—can minimize airborne particles. Some studies identified that open sand can travel more than 40 kilometers with wind, and so dust pollution control mechanisms can be developed to reduce particulate pollution from the open sand areas (approximately 17,700 acres) in Dhaka City.

Protecting and expanding urban blue and green infrastructures

Trees and green spaces act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and improving air quality. Expanding parks, rooftop gardens, and roadside plantations can mitigate pollution and heat while also providing ecological benefits. Implementing urban forestry projects, particularly in high-traffic and industrial areas, can have a long-term positive impact on air quality. Developing a green tree belt around the city on the riverbanks can be a good option to sink dust and gas pollutants and provide city dwellers with a green ambience.

Implementing strict waste management policies

The burning of solid waste, particularly plastic and organic materials, releases harmful pollutants, including PM, CO, and CO2, into the air. Establishing proper waste segregation, promoting recycling, and enforcing bans on open-air burning should be the top priorities to reduce emissions from waste disposal. Encouraging composting and biogas production can provide eco-friendly solutions and generate alternative income sources.

Improving indoor air quality

Numerous studies have shown that indoor air quality can be just as poor as outdoor air quality. Polluted air from outside can easily infiltrate homes, exposing residents to the same harmful contaminants. Even in air-conditioned rooms, individuals are not immune to toxic air, as air conditioners primarily cool the air but do not filter out pollutants. Installing air purifiers in homes, schools, and workplaces can improve indoor air quality. Additionally, maintaining indoor plants such as aloe vera and spider plants can naturally improve air quality. Promoting cleaner cooking alternatives, such as LPG, electric stoves, or improved biomass stoves, can reduce household air pollution.

Authors: Sanjoy Roy (Coordinator, Geographic Research Unit, Bengal Institute); A K M Tariful Islam Khan (Senior Manager, Development and Communications, ICDDR,B); Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman (Project Coordinator, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B); Nusrat Sumaiya (Director, Research and Design, Bengal Institute); Arfar Razi (Coordinator, Academic Program, Bengal Institute); Israt Jahan Ria (Research Associate, Bengal Institute); Rida Haque (Research and Design Associate, Bengal Institute); Mashiat Iqbal (Research and Design Associate, Bengal Institute); Shaikh Farhana Hossain (Research Associate, Bengal Institute); Atik Ahsan (Senior Programme Manager, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B); Meftah Uddin Mahmud (Research Investigator, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B)

Advisors: Dr. Tahmeed Ahmed (Executive Director, ICDDR,B); Kazi Khaleed Ashraf (Director General, Bengal Institute)​

 

[Saif]

Lax monitoring lets industrial waste pollute waterbodies

Discharge of untreated and potentially hazardous industrial waste from dyeing and printing units of mills and factories in Tangail has long been indiscriminately polluting the rivers and other waterbodies across the district amid lax monitoring by the authorities concerned.

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Lax monitoring lets industrial waste pollute waterbodies

Discharge of untreated and potentially hazardous industrial waste from dyeing and printing units of mills and factories in Tangail has long been indiscriminately polluting the rivers and other waterbodies across the district amid lax monitoring by the authorities concerned.

Lives and livelihoods of local people, as well as the aquatic biodiversity have been severely affected adversely due to pollution of these waterbodies over the years.

According to sources at the Department of Environment in Tangail, there are more than 15 mills and factories in Mirzapur upazila alone, including Gorai Industrial Area, as well as two mills in BSCIC Industrial area and adjacent Khudirampur under Sadar upazila.

The mills and factories have Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs), the sources said.

During a recent visit, this correspondent saw that the water of Sohagpara and Pakulla canals in Mirzapur upazila has turned pitch black due to pollution caused by discharge of untreated waste from the adjacent mills and factories.

Locals alleged that most of the industries have yet to install ETPs following rules and as per capacity, while those that have ETPs installed keep those non-operational to minimize costs. As such, all these mills and factories have been dumping their untreated toxic waste into rivers and canals through pipelines.

"The installed ETPs are often just a facade. The condition of water of the nearby rivers and canals is glaring proof of how these industries have been poisoning the waterbodies by dumping untreated wastes," said Shamsul Alam, a rights and environment activist in Mirzapur.

The Louhajang river flowing through Tangail Sadar upazila is now all but dead due to industrial pollution over the last couple of decades, especially by mills and factories in Taratia, Gosaibari Kumulli, Khudirampur, Karatia and Birpushia areas.

Illegal encroachment further added to the river's woes.

"We have held numerous programmes protesting mindless pollution of rivers and waterbodies, and demanding action against the polluters, but our voices fell in deaf ears," said Ibrahim Mollah of Gosaibari Kumulli area.

The wastes remain stagnant during dry season, before being washed away during monsoon, contaminating other waterbodies and rivers, said locals.

The polluters are influential and have managed to keep the authorities at bay through bribing the concerned officials, they alleged.

"While the issue has been highlighted in media time and again, local public representatives, administrations, and also DoE could hardly do anything in this regard," said Shipon Ahmed, a resident of Khudirampur area.

Contacted, Mia Mahmudur Rahman, deputy director of DoE in Tangail, said they send water samples from the mills and factories to Dhaka for testing every few months since there is no water testing laboratory in Tangail.

"We have recently collected water samples from the waterbodies and sent those to be tested. If pollutants are found, action will be taken against the mills and factories concerned," he added.

Ratan Ahmed Siddiqui, general secretary of River, Canal and Waterbodies Protection Movement Committee in Tangail, expressed concern that the test results could be tampered with to produce misleading conclusion.​

 

[Saif]

Dhaka's deadly air: What we know and what we can do

Dhaka's air is a stew of brick kiln soot, exhaust fumes, construction dust, and factory emissions

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Dhaka's deadly air: What we know and what we can do
This report was prepared jointly by researchers at ICDDR,B and the Bengal Institute for Architecture, Landscapes and Settlements.

Photo: Star

We are what we breathe. Now imagine that breath—something we do without thinking—could be quietly slashing years of our lives. That's no idle fear: air pollution claimed 8.1 million lives in 2021 alone, roughly one in every eight deaths worldwide and one in three in South Asia, according to the latest Global Disease Burden report. It's the second deadliest health risk on the planet, trailing only high blood pressure, and it spares no one.

The threat comes in two forms: the polluted air filling our streets and the smoke lurking indoors from cooking fires or dusty homes. Over 90% of us breathe air so toxic it acts as a slow poison, says the World Health Organization. Tiny particles—PM2.5—slip past our defenses, wreaking havoc: 48% of chronic lung diseases like COPD tie back to this particulate matter, while 34% of preterm births in 2021—babies arriving too early—link to the air mothers breathe.

Dhaka has some of the deadliest air pollution in the world. Routinely among the world's most polluted cities, its air is a stew of brick kiln soot, exhaust fumes, construction dust, and factory emissions, whipped up by runaway urban sprawl. Recent reports show its Air Quality Index (AQI) often topping 200— "very unhealthy"—a daily gamble for lungs and hearts. The Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project tracked the toll: In 2018, 75% of days were unfit to breathe. Even in 2020, over half stayed hazardous. For millions in Dhaka, it's coughs that won't quit, cancers that bloom silently, and hearts that give out too soon.

In 2024, Dhaka ranked 13th among the most polluted global cities based on AQI-US standards. This year, in January and February, Dhaka consistently ranked first in the list of most polluted global cities for 11 days when AQI exceeded 243, with the highest of 392 on February 10, 2025, surpassing even Delhi and Lahore, two of Asia's most polluted cities. From 25th January 2025 to 23rd February 2025, IQAIR data shows Dhaka's air was unhealthy for 18 days, very unhealthy for 15 days, and hazardous for 1 day. During this period, the average AQI of Dhaka City was 203, and the average PM2.5 concentration was 124 µg/m3. This PM2.5 concentration is eight times the 24-hour standard (15 µg/m3) and 25 times the annual standard (5 µg/m3) set by the WHO.

The biggest polluters

It is critical to pinpoint the sources of air pollution correctly. When it comes to pointing out the causes of Dhaka's toxic air, most reports and features attribute it singularly to the brick kilns surrounding the city. While brick factories play their part, the actual causes remain largely unexplored due to a lack of comprehensive research. National and international studies provide valuable insights into how different sectors contribute to Dhaka's air pollution. For example, a survey by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (2015) identified industrial emissions, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion as the primary culprits behind the city's toxic air. The report reveals that these three sectors together release 19,000 tons of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) into Dhaka's air annually, with industries alone contributing 17,556 tons of PM2.5 each year. Industries are also the leading source of Sulfur Oxide (SOx) emissions, releasing around 60,000 tons annually. Additionally, transportation is the major emitter of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), at 7,500 tons per year, followed by industries at 2,000 tons. In terms of Carbon Oxides (COx), transportation (18,450 tons/year) and fossil fuel combustion (12,350 tons/year) are the dominant sources.

Another report, the Bangladesh National Air Quality Management Plan 2024-2030, identified six sectors of PM2.5 pollution in Dhaka City: household combustion, power plants, brick kilns, solid waste, road dust, and transport. Among these, household combustion contributes the most (28%) and transport the least (4%), according to the document. The report states that brick kilns contribute only 13% of Dhaka's total PM2.5 pollution, yet surprisingly, it does not mention industrial emissions at all.

A significant discrepancy shows up when comparing the two studies. While the Norwegian study identifies industry as the major contributor to PM2.5 pollution, the national report attributes the largest share to households. Additionally, the national report does not provide data on gas pollution, and neither report accounts for ozone pollution. These discrepancies and gaps highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive study.

Long-term initiatives to reduce Dhaka’s air pollution. Prepared by the Bengal Institute.

Seasonal patterns of pollution in Dhaka's air

Air pollution in Dhaka also exhibits seasonal variability, with significantly higher levels in the winter months (December–February) and lower levels in the monsoon season (June–September). However, in the summer and post-monsoon seasons, although the levels of particulate matter and gases remain lower than in winter, they still exceed air quality standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bangladesh's National Air Quality Standards. A similar seasonal pattern can be observed in other major cities nationwide.

Weather phenomena and the intensity of human activities influence the seasonal fluctuations in air pollution. In winter, limited rainfall, increased construction activities, and sporadic sand filling are the primary contributors to elevated pollutant levels in Dhaka. Additionally, northwestern winter winds carry transboundary pollutants and smoke from brick kilns in northern and northwestern Dhaka over the city, pushing air quality to highly toxic levels.

During this period, not only does particulate pollution increase, but the emission of toxic gases—such as NO2, SO2, CO, and O3—from proliferated industries in the city also reaches its peak concentration in the air. However, as the monsoon begins in June and continues through September, heavy rainfall reduces the levels of both gases and particulate matter in Dhaka's air, slightly improving air quality and making it breathable.

Despite slightly better conditions during the monsoon, ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations remain elevated in summer due to reactions between NO2, emitted by vehicles and industries, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. This lower atmospheric Ozone (O3) is particularly harmful to individuals with respiratory conditions. Satellite-based analyses by the Bengal Institute reveal clear seasonal trends in the concentration of major pollutants in Dhaka and its surrounding areas.

Proliferation of brick kilns in and around Dhaka City

Brick manufacturing in and around Dhaka City continues to be the most cited polluting culprit. While in 1990, there were around 250 brick kilns in the proximity of the city, the number grew three-and-a-half-fold in 2000, driven by the increasing demand for construction projects. Over the past two decades, the number of brick kilns surged to around one thousand. These brick kilns now encircle the city along the five rivers: Buriganga, Turag, Dhaleswari, Shitalakhya, and Bangshi. The availability of suitable textured soil, extensive open lands, easy waterway transportation, and increased city demand are key factors for their locational developments.

Recent satellite imagery analysis by the Geographic Research Unit of the Bengal Institute identified 389 operational brick kilns within the RAJUK boundary of Dhaka, with an additional 600 kilns located within 20 kilometers of the RAJUK area.

Smoke containing NO2, CO, SO2, and particulate matter (PM) from coal combustion in these brick kilns, especially during the winter months, is carried over Dhaka City by the northwestern winds, leading to a significant deterioration in Dhaka's air quality.

Transboundary air pollution transmission

Not all of Dhaka's air pollution originates within the city itself. During the period from late October to December, the great Indo-Gangetic Plain (an area of 700,000 sq. km.) experiences a dense cloud of smoke in its air, mainly due to stubble burning. Farmers in northern India burn paddy straw after harvesting rice, causing this extremely polluted air, mixed with smoke and particulates, to engulf the densely populated plain, covering Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Bangladesh. The cloudy haze over this region is also contributed by more than 100 coal-fired power plants operational throughout the year in northern India. Some studies confirm that Delhi's Air Quality Index (AQI) exceeds 400 during that time, which requires shutting down academic institutes and calls for people to work from home.

An article published by the World Bank on February 3, 2023, says that around 30% of the pollution in Bangladesh's bigger cities originates in India. As winter sets in, the northwestern wind carries fine-particle-laden smoke from the extensive Indo-Gangetic region of India towards the southeast, which at that time looks like a river of haze following the Ganges River's flow direction towards Bangladesh. This massive cloud of dust spills out into the Bay of Bengal, crossing the entire sky of Bangladesh.

REMEDIATIONS AND MEASURES: WHAT WE CAN DO

Given Dhaka's persistently hazardous air pollution, remediation is neither straightforward nor quick. Addressing air pollution requires coordinated efforts from the government, industries, businesses, and citizens. While various measures must be implemented across multiple sectors with both short- and long-term goals, the ultimate responsibility lies in comprehensive urban and regional planning that prioritizes the health and well-being of the city's residents. Below is a summary and diagram of the key remediation measures that need to be undertaken.

Enhancing monitoring and recording systems

Proper monitoring is the first crucial step in addressing this dire condition affecting the city's health and well-being. The government of Bangladesh initiated the Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project to monitor air pollution across the country. Under this project, to provide real-time air quality information, the DoE installed 16 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAMS) in eleven cities: Dhaka has 4 stations, Chattagram has 2, and Gazipur, Narayangaj, Narsingdi, Khulna, Barishal, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Rangpur, Cumilla, and Mymensingh, each has one. All of these CAMS record concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO in the surrounding air of the station location based on which daily Air Quality Index (AQI) data is provided. However, 16 stations are insufficient to assess national air quality, and four stations alone cannot accurately represent Dhaka's air quality. If there are no monitoring stations installed in areas like industrial and other active zones, how can we measure the quality of air for those areas? How can meaningful management strategies be developed without detailed spatial air quality data for all those zones?

Bangladesh launched the National Air Quality Management Plan (2024–2030) (NAQMP), developed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change and the Department of Environment. The primary goal of the NAQMP is to meet the interim target for annual PM2.5 set by the World Health Organization (WHO) while meeting the targets outlined in the national air quality standards: (1) reducing PM2.5 concentration in the air of the entire country to 15µg/m³ and in Dhaka's air to 30µg/m³ by 2030, and (2) gradually increasing Good and Moderate AQI days annually. Focusing on meeting those targets, a national committee on air pollution control was formed to implement Air Pollution Control Rules (2022) and coordinate with relevant agencies on specific interventions to comply with the new rules. However, this management plan has not been effective due to several resource constraints and limitations. A critical gap in the NAQMP is that it provides a set of suggestions for different entities polluting the air without setting up strict obligations for them. Another weakness is the absence of regulations in the NAQMP to control toxic industrial emissions.

Disease and pollution correlation

To identify the health impacts of air pollution, it is essential to develop a comprehensive locational database of respiratory diseases. Continuous monitoring of patients' respiratory health with their locational information can be collected throughout the year. Once the database is created, it can be correlated with pollution data to understand how people are affected by air pollution and at what level, according to specific areas.

Issuing air pollution forecasts

Another important measure is to provide 2/3 days of air pollution forecast information so people can take cautionary measures in advance. Preparing this forecast model also requires intensive spatial data, as mentioned before.

Movement of transboundary air pollution. On 28 January 2025, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua and Terra satellites captured this true-color image of dust drifting across the Gangetic Plain, stretching over India and Bangladesh. Image by NASA, 2025. Map prepared by the Bengal Institute.
Controlling industrial emissions

Upgrading factory technologies and shifting to clean energy utilization in factories need to be encouraged through tax exemptions. In addition, industries should install indoor air purification systems for the health benefits of the people working there. Since brick kilns significantly worsen Dhaka's air quality, particularly in winter, alternative locations for these factories should be explored. If relocation is not feasible, improved production methods, such as the Zigzag 2.0 technology proposed by ICDDR,B, must be adopted.

Regulating vehicular emissions and promoting sustainable transportation

Investing in low-emission public transportation infrastructure, such as buses, trams, and metro systems, can substantially reduce emissions by decreasing dependence on private vehicles. This shift will also reduce travel times, minimizing residents' exposure to traffic-related pollution. Additional measures, such as limiting vehicle speeds, designating parking zones, banning vehicles that emit black smoke, restricting heavy-duty vehicles during the daytime, phasing out expired vehicles or upgrading them with particulate matter reduction devices, implementing stringent regulations for diesel-powered vehicles, and promoting environmentally friendly transportation options, can further curb air pollution from traffic. Improving current motor vehicle exhaust technologies to ensure more efficient combustion will also contribute to reducing emissions. In addition, Dhaka's footpaths need to be more pedestrian-friendly to encourage people to walk short distances. In summary, Dhaka's traffic system needs a complete overhaul to create a more sustainable, pedestrian- and eco-friendly urban environment.

Managing construction, road dust, and open sands

The rapid urbanization of Dhaka has led to excessive dust pollution from construction sites and unpaved roads. Implementing mandatory dust control measures—such as covering construction materials, using water sprinklers, and installing dust barriers—can minimize airborne particles. Some studies identified that open sand can travel more than 40 kilometers with wind, and so dust pollution control mechanisms can be developed to reduce particulate pollution from the open sand areas (approximately 17,700 acres) in Dhaka City.

Protecting and expanding urban blue and green infrastructures

Trees and green spaces act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and improving air quality. Expanding parks, rooftop gardens, and roadside plantations can mitigate pollution and heat while also providing ecological benefits. Implementing urban forestry projects, particularly in high-traffic and industrial areas, can have a long-term positive impact on air quality. Developing a green tree belt around the city on the riverbanks can be a good option to sink dust and gas pollutants and provide city dwellers with a green ambience.

Implementing strict waste management policies

The burning of solid waste, particularly plastic and organic materials, releases harmful pollutants, including PM, CO, and CO2, into the air. Establishing proper waste segregation, promoting recycling, and enforcing bans on open-air burning should be the top priorities to reduce emissions from waste disposal. Encouraging composting and biogas production can provide eco-friendly solutions and generate alternative income sources.

Improving indoor air quality

Numerous studies have shown that indoor air quality can be just as poor as outdoor air quality. Polluted air from outside can easily infiltrate homes, exposing residents to the same harmful contaminants. Even in air-conditioned rooms, individuals are not immune to toxic air, as air conditioners primarily cool the air but do not filter out pollutants. Installing air purifiers in homes, schools, and workplaces can improve indoor air quality. Additionally, maintaining indoor plants such as aloe vera and spider plants can naturally improve air quality. Promoting cleaner cooking alternatives, such as LPG, electric stoves, or improved biomass stoves, can reduce household air pollution.

Authors: Sanjoy Roy (Coordinator, Geographic Research Unit, Bengal Institute); A K M Tariful Islam Khan (Senior Manager, Development and Communications, ICDDR,B); Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman (Project Coordinator, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B); Nusrat Sumaiya (Director, Research and Design, Bengal Institute); Arfar Razi (Coordinator, Academic Program, Bengal Institute); Israt Jahan Ria (Research Associate, Bengal Institute); Rida Haque (Research and Design Associate, Bengal Institute); Mashiat Iqbal (Research and Design Associate, Bengal Institute); Shaikh Farhana Hossain (Research Associate, Bengal Institute); Atik Ahsan (Senior Programme Manager, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B); Meftah Uddin Mahmud (Research Investigator, Environmental Health and WASH, HSPSD, ICDDR,B)

Advisors: Dr. Tahmeed Ahmed (Executive Director, ICDDR,B); Kazi Khaleed Ashraf (Director General, Bengal Institute)​

 

[Saif]

Functionally dead canal grabbed

A functionally dead canal in the Gamoirtola area of Patuakhali’s Kalapara upazila has allegedly been encroached upon by a local resident, causing concern among farmers and residents.

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Functionally dead canal grabbed

A functionally dead canal in the Gamoirtola area of Patuakhali's Kalapara upazila has allegedly been encroached upon by a local resident, causing concern among farmers and residents.

Locals say the Gamoirtola canal lost its natural flow after its connection to the Pakhimara canal was cut off during the construction of the Kalapara-Kuakata road.

While the canal remains dry for most of the year, it retains waist-deep water during the monsoon, providing essential irrigation for nearby croplands and benefiting local farmers.

However, residents allege that one Habib Gazi has illegally filled parts of the canal and constructed structures on it, threatening its complete disappearance.

"During monsoon, the canal still holds enough water for irrigation," said Abul Basher, a local farmer. "But Habib Gazi is grabbing it to build a house and pond. If this continues, the canal will vanish, and our farming will suffer due to lack of irrigation water."

Hanif Talukder, a resident of Nayamotpur village, added, "The section near our village has already been filled to merge with adjacent farmland. Only the part in Gamoirtola holds water in monsoon, making it vital for irrigation."

He also criticised the upazila land office for allegedly allocating the canal's land for settlement, which has encouraged illegal occupation.

"Immediate action is needed to restore the canal," he said.

When contacted, Habib Gazi claimed he legally obtained 1.5 acres of land -- including the canal -- through government allocation 27–28 years ago.

However, he could not explain how a water-filled canal was declared cultivable land at the time. He insisted that the canal's existing water flow would not be disrupted.

Md Arafat Hossain, Kalapara's upazila agriculture officer, said, "Encroaching on and filling up a government canal is unacceptable. We will investigate and take necessary steps."

Md Robiul Islam, upazila nirbahi officer of Kalapara, assured action. "The upazila administration is actively working to remove illegal structures from canals. No one has the right to occupy government land unlawfully," he said.

He added that he would visit the site and take appropriate action.​

 

[Saif]

Nature-based solutions for climate resilience

NATURE-BASED solutions have gained significant attention recently to address environmental degradation, water and food insecurity, natural disasters, and climate crises. The concept of NbS stems from the ecosystem approach. In 2016, the European Commission defined NbS as ‘nature-inspired and...

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Nature-based solutions for climate resilience
Md Mustafizur Rahman 18 March, 2025, 00:00

United States Institute of Peace

NATURE-BASED solutions have gained significant attention recently to address environmental degradation, water and food insecurity, natural disasters, and climate crises. The concept of NbS stems from the ecosystem approach. In 2016, the European Commission defined NbS as ‘nature-inspired and nature-supported solutions.’ These solutions encompass actions aimed at tackling societal challenges through the protection, sustainable management, and restoration of ecosystems, ultimately benefiting both biodiversity and human well-being. In essence, when we harness nature to address social issues, we are actively implementing NbS.

The rapid growth of the world population has led to an increase in daily needs. To meet these demands, people are excessively consuming natural resources, which results in resource depletion, significant environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, and disruption of the ecological balance. Consequently, our habitable planet is moving towards a potential catastrophe. It has become crucial to develop innovative methods and technologies that can restore the environment, conserve nature, and address social needs and challenges. NbS can contribute up to 37 per cent of the climate change mitigation needed in this area (Cohen-Shacham, 2009). This global framework pushed countries that signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 to adopt NbS as part of Nationally Determined Contributions. At COP26, NbS received significant attention, with over 137 countries pledging to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030.

One example of NbS obligation is the protection of the Sundarbans. This unique ecosystem offers protection against cyclones and tidal waves, creates livelihood opportunities, provides an abundance of fish and honey, serves as an eco-tourism site, absorbs carbon from the atmosphere, and shelters a rich biodiversity. Bangladesh earns approximately USD 1.56 billion annually from the Sundarbans. Similarly, the 18,000-hectare Hakaluki Haor, a special wetland, is home to various endangered species of animals and plants. This area produces a significant amount of fish, serves as a vital habitat for migratory birds, and is also an attractive eco-tourism destination. It directly and indirectly supports the livelihoods of about 200,000 people. Migratory birds, and it is an ecotourism site. It directly and indirectly provides a livelihood to about 200,000 people.

NbS have been in practice in Bangladesh for a long time. According to the Bangladesh Forest Department, the country has been establishing green belts through coastal afforestation since 1960 to protect itself from cyclones and tidal waves. To date, approximately 209,140 hectares of land have been afforested, with more than 93 per cent of the trees being mangroves. Another example of NbS is floating agriculture, particularly in Pirojpur, Barisal, and Gopalganj, where farmers grow crops on floating beds made of water hyacinths. This method helps ensure food security even during flooding. In 2013, the government allocated USD 1.6 million under the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund.

Approximately 40,000 hectares of seven distinct wetlands in Bangladesh were designated as ecologically critical areas in 1999. Along with the Eighth Five-Year Plan (2020–2025), Bangladesh has already prepared Delta Plan 2100, which prioritises ecosystem-based approaches. Furthermore, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy Action Plan and the National Adaptation Programme have been created, which served as the foundation for the roadmap created by the National Adaptation Plan. It is important to note that the combined budget of the 25 ministries about climate change for FY 2024–2025 is approximately USD 4181.61 billion, or 52.47 per cent of the national budget. From FY2020–21 to FY2024–25, there was a 75.31 per cent increase in climate allocation.

Besides the government, various donor agencies are playing a significant role in the implementation of NbS in Bangladesh, such as the International Centre for Climate Change and Development and the University of Oxford, who are working on capacity building and policy advocacy. DANIDA International, CARE Bangladesh, and RUPANTAR are working together to build a climate-resilient community in the Bagerhat district through the programme. This initiative focuses on community capacity building and implements climate-adaptive agricultural practices, mangrove afforestation, canal re-excavation, and the planting of salt-tolerant trees. Additionally, the programme aims to integrate NbS into the mainstream of development through networking and advocacy at both national and international levels. Moreover, IUCN has given Bangladesh a thorough framework for designing, implementing, and assessing NbS.

It is noteworthy that fish farming, agriculture, tree plantations, construction of fences, animal husbandry, and pond digging are not direct NbS but are important components of NbS. All initiatives and strategies that can directly benefit both people and biodiversity are NbS. For example, sustainable management of haor areas, hilly lands, or the Sundarbans by involving local communities. Restoration of extinct forests, mangrove afforestation on chars or islands that arise in rivers or seas, and creating green roofs, urban green spaces, and wetlands to combat urban heat. Extensive afforestation of hills with the participation of local communities to prevent landslides, river dredging, or restoration of river banks to protect against floods, etc. The main conditions for implementing NbS are 1) precisely identifying local problems; 2) using nature to solve problems; 3) involving community people in solving problems; and 4) providing long-term benefits to people and biodiversity. The use of NbS in the wider context has increased over the past two decades, which is similar to the conceptual development of other types of interventions, such as ecosystem restoration (SER, 2004), ecosystem-based adaptation (CBD, 2009), ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (FEDRR, 2010), and ecosystem engineering (ODUM, 2003). The UN declared 2021-2030 as the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration.

In reality, NbS is not a traditional project for several years of implementation, but rather, if implemented, it is possible to get the benefits for many years, even from generation to generation. If mangrove forests alone are managed healthily and sustainably, up to 57 billion USD in flood losses can be avoided every year in China, India, Mexico, the USA, and Vietnam (Reguero et al., 2018). A study by the World Resources Institute found that many NbS can be more cost-effective than traditional social engineering solutions. The 2030 SDG timeframe makes it clear that the ecosystem-based adaptation mission is a milestone on the way to the 2050 vision of ‘living in harmony with nature.’

By the end of the 2000s, a major shift in nature conservation has been underway, where people would not just passively take advantage of nature but would actively protect, manage, and restore the ecosystems responsibly. So we can protect nature through an ‘equally give and take policy.’

Finally, NbS can be considered as an umbrella that addresses multiple social challenges (Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016). Despite being a developing country, Bangladesh faces population growth, employment constraints, and inadequate health and education. So our country strategy and development philosophy should be to address significant social problems by utilising NbS as much as possible.

Md Mustafizur Rahman is an environmental activist.​

 

[Saif]

Rethinking char development in Bangladesh

We must keep the focus on the plight of char people alive and draw attention of the current interim government to address the problem with new approaches, policies, and institutions.

www.thedailystar.net

Rethinking char development in Bangladesh

The chars of Bangladesh are pockets of poverty, particularly those in the northern districts. PHOTO: MOSTAFA SABUJ

Recently, I read with great interest the editorial in The Daily Star on the plight of char dwellers, who have been long neglected and denied the basic necessities in life. The editorial highlighted the "dire living" conditions in chars and the struggle to earn a living in the face of year-round flood, drought, and erosion disasters in the floodplain. Finally, it recommended a "bottom-up" approach to address the struggles towards improving the conditions of char dwellers in the country.

As I recall, in 2015, the First National Char Convention, attended by government officials, politicians, academics, local and international NGOs, and some vocal representatives from char areas, clearly recognised the need for assistance to alleviate poverty in chars with a longer-term sustainable development strategy for inclusive development and a better governance structure. But then, between 2015 and 2025, nothing tangible happened in terms of policy, legal reforms with regard to charland tenure/ownership and administration, and other institutional and governance issues.

Why this inaction when it comes to chars and char dwellers? In fact, there has not been any attention to char development in post-independence Bangladesh except for some amendments in the legislation related to charlands. For instance, the Agricultural Khas Land Settlement Policy, 1997 calls for redistribution of new khas land in char areas to the landless on long-term lease agreements. However, that, too, has been abused by the locally powerful and politically connected leaders, making the entire process of khas land distribution futile.

There is compelling evidence that the old systems and the alluvial and diluvian land laws derived from the colonial period have not worked for the benefit of the char people in Bangladesh. In effect, char dwellers have very little control over the chars. The current legislation as practised today favour the powerful landowners from the mainland and breed malpractices in leasing and redistribution of khas land. The sociopolitical dynamics are against the poor and the marginalised, who are victims of quiet violence in the char areas in the country.

In the past, I have written extensively on the Jamuna chars and char life dynamics. Char land constitutes nearly eight percent of the total land area in the country, with an estimated two crore people living on the chars of major river systems and in the coastal regions. These chars are pockets of poverty, particularly those in the northern districts; people living there are by and large poor, isolated, and highly vulnerable, both physically and socially, without land rights and sustained sources of living. Don't these people deserve any attention from the policymakers and planners? What kind of reforms and changes can we suggest for any "bottom-up" planning, development, and administration of the char areas?

We must keep the focus on the plight of char people alive and draw attention of the current interim government to address the problem with new approaches, policies, and institutions. There are strong reasons for rethinking char development issues that can benefit the char dwellers. Based on my three decades of work on flood/erosion disasters, displacement, migration, and resettlement of char people, I propose a set of measures to draw attention of the relevant government departments and agencies. These measures will require paradigmatic shifts from current policies and practices in order to realise the potentials of development in the char lands of the country.

First, no national figures are currently available on the extent of displacement caused by erosion. Millions have already been displaced over the past decades, a large number of them taking refuge in the chars. Furthermore, there is no reliable data on the number of char people in the country. Estimates vary from one to two crore people.

Second, a new and more appropriate land law should be formulated to replace the existing laws on char lands, ensuring the rights of the displaced and the char dwellers. Also, local economic diversification would be essential for the welfare of char communities. This was also strongly voiced by the char people at the First National Char Convention in 2015.

Third, lessons from char development experiences in the past (e.g. Char Livelihoods Programme, Char Development and Settlement Programme, Sandbar Technology for Agriculture in Gaibandha, etc), focusing on health, housing, income, education, women's empowerment, and social protection, may help design future char development programmes in a more holistic manner.

Fourth, a Char Development Policy (CDP) and a dedicated agency such as Char Development Authority (CDA) are the only means towards the goal of better char administration.

Fifth, bottom-up governance with devolution of power and participation of the char people is required to replace the current dysfunctional char land administration.

Sixth, any fundamental changes in the chars would require leadership at the community and local/national levels and a sense of purpose (i.e. equity, justice, and ethics) among the policymakers and programme administrators. Therefore, advocacy by NGOs and civil society organisations should be taken into account in future char development programmes.

Clearly, the chars represent a unique environment demanding unique solutions. Ensuring land rights for char people and introducing a decentralised and democratic system of governance for them are vital for achieving char development. All these call towards rethinking char development in Bangladesh.

Dr Mohammad Zaman is an international development and resettlement specialist. He has lived and worked in Kazipur-Serajganj chars on the Jamuna River for research and consulting work. His most recent edited book (co-editor Mustafa Alam) is titled 'Living on the Edge: Char Dwellers in Bangladesh (Springer 2021).'​

 

[Saif]

Don’t sacrifice haors for development

Road construction through Sunamganj haor is destroying cropland, harvest.

www.thedailystar.net

Don’t sacrifice haors for development
Road construction through Sunamganj haor destroying cropland, harvest

STAR: VISUAL

We are alarmed to learn of the impact the ongoing road construction project through the Sanghai Haor in Sunamganj is having on the surrounding cropland and paddy harvest. According to a recent report by Prothom Alo, under a special project of the disaster management and relief ministry, a four-kilometre road is being constructed through the haor by digging up soil from surrounding paddy fields. In doing so, saplings of Boro paddy—the harvest of which is due in Baishakh (April-May)—are being destroyed. This is not only harming the haor and its ecosystem, but also affecting the people whose livelihoods depend on this wetland.

According to the report, this project was of special interest to former Planning Minister MA Mannan, whose home village is supposed to be connected by this road. When the works began last year, farmers protested the destruction of their cropland. After that, Mannan apparently instructed the project contractor to provide financial compensation to the affected farmers. However, not only have the farmers not received any compensation to date, but they have not even been informed about the extent of losses they are set to suffer.

Meanwhile, even though Mannan and his party are no longer in the picture, others with vested interests have taken over to support the project, with soil being excavated from arable land at present. Farmers are naturally frustrated by this state of affairs. One of them said he had already lost one-fourth of the cropland he owned in the area. Another lamented that his livelihood is at risk because the road is being constructed on the cropland. What's more, such infrastructure will obstruct the natural water flow of the haor, which may lead to large-scale flooding during the monsoon season.

We fail to comprehend how the authorities, despite such harmful impacts of the project, are still allowing the construction work to continue, especially when farmers and environmentalists have been vocal about its risks. At the least, they should suspend the construction work immediately and reassess the entire project plan. In the changed reality of this new Bangladesh, acting responsibly to protect the delicate ecosystem of a haor and the people who depend on it for their livelihoods should not be difficult. We urge the relevant government offices, especially the Sunamganj district administration, to look into the matter and stop all activities that are harmful to the haor and its people.​

 

[Saif]

Let’s begin a discourse of resistance against forest fires

Bangladesh’s forests and genetic resources are continuously subjected to distress and threats.

www.thedailystar.net

Let’s begin a discourse of resistance against forest fires

A burnt part of Rangtia Sal Forest captured on March 19, 2025. PHOTO: PAVEL PARTHA

There is no singular definition of a forest. The process of defining and identifying forest areas is inherently tied to the politics of power and authority. The state, the forest department, multilateral banks, donor agencies, corporations, and forest-dependent communities all perceive forests differently and define their relationship with them in distinct ways. However, institutionally, a forest is defined as a collection of numerous trees, their species, and wildlife. According to The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), forest biodiversity refers to the assemblage and relationships of all trees, animals, and microorganisms within a forest, as well as their ecological processes and functions.

Although Bangladesh has a relatively small land area, its forests are remarkably diverse. They include mangroves, coastal swamp forests, deciduous sal forests, hill evergreen mixed forests, rainforests, swamp forests, reed forests, rural forests, and sacred groves. According to numerous indigenous narratives worldwide, civilisation itself was born from the forest. While countless species, including humans, depend on forests for food, shelter, medicine, and survival, the neoliberal system continuously disregards these contributions. The unilateral commercialisation, exploitation, and occupation of forests began with the shipbuilding, timber, and pharmaceutical industries. To sustain profit-driven commerce, various colonial controls were imposed on forests in Bangladesh and across Asia.

Bangladesh's forests and genetic resources are continuously subjected to distress and threats. Already, rural forests, sacred groves, swamp forests, and reed forests across the country have been ruthlessly destroyed. Over the past 20 to 25 years, an unchecked trend has emerged, with forests being deliberately set on fire. Although natural forest fires do not occur in Bangladesh, large swathes of forestland and rare genetic resources are lost every year due to "planned arson." The state has yet to take a strong stance or systematic action against forest fires. There is still no ecosystem-based policy, planning, or management framework to address this issue. Environmental organisations, political parties, and citizens remain largely silent on the issue of forest fires. Such neglect and indifference allow the country's "lungs" to burn without question. Each year, acts of ecocide occur without accountability. Every year, March 21 is observed as International Day of Forests. This year's theme is "Forests and Food." This article seeks to remind us of the unbearable suffering caused by forest fires in Bangladesh and calls for justice for the forests.

The Lawachara wildfire incident

The largest wildfire in the history of Bangladesh's natural forests occurred on June 14, 1997. This devastating ecocide was triggered by a gas exploration survey conducted by the American company Occidental Petroleum Corporation. The flames consumed vast areas of Moulvibazar's Sreemangal-Kamalganj region, including Magurchhara and Lawachara. In 1996, a 1,250-hectare portion of the 2,740-hectare West Bhanugach Reserved Forest was declared the Lawachara National Park. Lawachara is home to 460 species, including 167 species of plants, four amphibians, six reptiles, 246 birds, 20 orchids, 20 mammals, and 17 species of insects. Since the 1997 ecocide went unpunished, many forest grabbers across the country, including in Lawachara, became emboldened to grab forestland by setting fires. This rainforest is one of the primary habitats of the hoolock gibbon. However, multinational mining operations, American projects, railway and road construction through the forest, corporate hotels and resort businesses have collectively pushed this forest to the brink of collapse. On April 24, 2021, while implementing a forest department initiative, a fire broke out in a section of Lawachara, resulting in extensive damage. In 2023 as well, a fire was deliberately set in Lawachara. On February 26, 2025, nearly two acres of forest were set ablaze in broad daylight.

The Bhawal Sal Forest fires

In 1886, Frank B Simson in the book Letters on Sports in Eastern Bengal described hunting adventures in the Bhawal Sal Forest. Spanning nearly 65,000 acres in Gazipur, the Bhawal Sal Forest today is frail, shrinking, and plagued by encroachment and pollution. The last recorded sighting of a tiger in the Bhawal Sal Forest dates back to 1940. After Bhawal was declared a national park in 1973, it became home to 220 species of plants, 13 species of mammals, nine reptiles, five amphibians, and five species of birds. Every winter, the Bashtoil Sal forest near Bhawal is deliberately set on fire. The land of the burnt forest is then repurposed for housing, hotels, factories, and other construction. Just before the International Day of Forest in 2023, large areas of the Sal forest in the Goshinga-Patka region of Sreepur, Gazipur, were reduced to ashes by fire. Similar incidents of arson occurred in March of both 2022 and 2021. In 2023, a fire also devastated the Sakhipur Sal forest.

The Rangtia Sal Forest fire

Rangtia, located in Jhenaigati upazila of Sherpur, is one of the country's significant sal forests along the border. One of its distinctive features is the presence of various types of flax. This forest is home to approximately 250 species of plants. Ten rare and distinct species of medicinal plants whose roots are traditionally used as medicines grow in this forest. With the dominance of the neoliberal market, Rangtia eventually transformed into a site for China clay and stone mining. Streams, hills, and forests were ravaged in the pursuit of stone trade. The Rangtia Sal Forest houses many sacred trees, holy sites, and groves. However, most of them have been encroached upon. At the beginning of this month, a wildfire raged through Rangtia for an entire week.

The Madhupur Sal Forest fires

Madhupur has stood as a prime example of the various forms of oppression and exploitation that can be inflicted upon a forest. In 1950, jhum cultivation was forcibly banned in the Madhupur sal forest area. In 1955, the name of the forest was changed to "Woodlot Garden." 1962, it was declared a national park, and barbed wire fences were erected. From 1989 onwards, invasive trees and rubber gardens replaced the natural forest. Commercial pineapple and banana plantations were later established. The forest department planned to implement an eco-park project in the sal forest, enclosing it with a 61,000-foot-long wall. Meanwhile, Bangalee settlers began to occupy forest lands. Since 2000, various parts of the Madhupur Sal Forest have been set on fire every year to clear the land, which is later used for cultivation.

The Sundarbans fire incidents

According to forest-dependent communities, local residents, the forest department, and media reports, the Sundarbans have experienced nearly25 fire incidents between 2002 and 2024. Approximately 72 acres of forest have been directly burned. On March 22, 2002, a fire broke out in the Katka Wildlife Sanctuary in the Sharankhola range of Bagerhat. On March 25, 2004, a fire destroyed three acres of forest in the Chandpai Range. On December 27, 2004, nine decimals of forestland were burned in the Aruarber area. In the past two decades, many such fires ravaged this forest.

Whenever fire incidents occur in the Sundarbans, we see the forest department making irresponsible statements in the media. When a fire burns parts of a forest, the damage is assessed in a one-dimensional manner, focusing only on the area burned and the volume of timber lost. When a complex ecosystem like the Sundarbans is scorched, can its damage truly be measured merely by cubic feet of lost timber or land area affected? A natural forest is certainly not a timber plantation, a decorative botanical garden, or a zoo.

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary fires

After the Sundarbans, Rema-Kalenga in Habiganj is the largest natural forest in Bangladesh. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1982. In 2023, the authorities of the Hatimara Tea Estate set fire to the forest land they took a lease of intending to expand their tea plantation. They also cut down nearly 140 ancient trees altering the classification of the land.

The fire burned down large portions of the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary, killing many wild animals.

Building a discourse of resistance against forest fires

According to Bangladesh's existing forest laws, environmental laws, and the Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act 2012, setting fire to natural forests is a punishable offence. Yet, we have never heard of any exemplary trials or punishments. Despite signing the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the Paris Climate Agreement, the state has failed to prevent fires in natural forests. Although the Tree Conservation Act 2016 was drafted, it has yet to be approved. In 2021, Bangladesh signed the Glasgow Leaders' Declaration on Forests and Land Use to end global deforestation yet the state remains unaware of the extent of forest and tree loss due to fires. Although Article 18(A) of the Constitution declares the protection of forests and genetic resources as a state responsibility, we are yet to see effective measures to safeguard forests from fires.

Natural forests do not catch fire spontaneously; such incidents are often caused intentionally. Firstly, the forest department and state authorities must recognise and address this issue. Negligence is unacceptable—each incident of fire must be responsibly addressed. Every fire should be investigated, and those responsible must be brought under the law. Following a fire, the forest department should organise visits involving all relevant stakeholders. Based on the input from the community and others, a forest management plan can be developed. Immediate efforts must be made to extinguish the fire during such incidents, with active involvement from the community. Assessing the damage should prioritise the natural and cultural aspects of the forest.

To establish short, medium, and long-term forest management, the forest department and related authorities must cultivate a culture of public dialogue about the country's forests, ensuring that the opinions and suggestions of citizens from all classes, professions, genders, and ethnic groups are understood and considered. The commercial narratives about forests must change. The traditional knowledge and forest management practices of forest dwellers, forest-dependent communities, and indigenous peoples are now universally recognised. Their vision and expertise must be regarded as the core strength of the state's forest management. Let a new public discourse emerge to protect natural forests, rooted in the knowledge and narratives of the people, involving everyone.

Pavel Partha, an ecology and biodiversity conservation researcher, is director at Bangladesh Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (BARCIK).​