[🇧🇩] Banking System in Bangladesh

[Saif]

End the legacy of banking plunder

New data reveals how far the rot of bad loans reached under Awami regime

www.thedailystar.net

End the legacy of banking plunder
New data reveals how far the rot of bad loans reached under Awami regime

VISUAL: STAR

It is quite telling that defaulted loans in the banking sector reached a record Tk 3,45,756 crore by the end of 2024, as per the latest data from Bangladesh Bank. A major factor behind this rise is the long-overdue exposure of financial corruption and cover-ups under the former regime. For years, as non-performing loans (NPLs) continued to rise, we repeatedly pointed out how the Awami League government was using various state and non-state entities to obscure the true extent of NPLs through accounting manipulation. Financial fraud was concealed through deceptive tactics, and the lack of transparency made it difficult to assess the true condition of our banks, even though the public had long suspected the severity of the crisis.

The interim authorities deserve credit for bringing the truth to light. However, this may have been the easier part. The real challenge lies in reversing this trend and recovering as much of the lost money as possible, whether through selling collateral or other means. The situation has been particularly complicated by the massive defaults of some borrowers, such as S Alam Group and Beximco Group, following Awami League's departure. As a result, total defaulted loans have reached an unprecedented level. According to the central bank, the defaulted loan ratio for state-run banks stood at 42.83 percent, while that of private sector banks was 15.60 percent.

Among state banks, Janata had the highest volume of bad loans at the end of last year, with as much as 66.8 percent of its total outstanding loans classified as non-performing. Of Janata's Tk 67,300 crore in defaulted loans, approximately Tk 23,000 crore belongs to Beximco, which was classified as defaulted in the last quarter of 2024. Meanwhile, S Alam Group's defaulted loans at Janata Bank reached Tk 10,200 crore.

Across the sector, similar looting by oligarchs connected to the fallen regime has left a number of banks extremely vulnerable. Even more concerning is the risk that legitimate businesses, struggling as they are in a slow economy, may find it difficult to repay their loans, further worsening the NPL crisis. Under these circumstances, it is crucial for the authorities to send the right signals to help restore confidence in the sector.

The authorities must work diligently to ensure that banks recover risky loans and that stolen funds parked abroad are reclaimed through diplomatic efforts. They also must restore oversight mechanisms and regulatory institutions that have become dysfunctional, ensuring they serve the interests of the nation rather than political elites. They also must hold to account those responsible for the crisis—including corrupt bankers, policymakers, and borrowers—so that such reckless mismanagement is not repeated again.​

 

[Saif]

Banking reform must be carried through

There is no gainsaying the necessity of recovering the banking sector that has been left in ruins through mismanagement and outright looting by the henchmen of the previous dictatorial regime. Against this backdrop, the Bangladesh Bank (BB) governor was spot on when he could not rule out the possib

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Banking reform must be carried through
FE
Published :
Feb 28, 2025 22:40
Updated :
Feb 28, 2025 22:40

There is no gainsaying the necessity of recovering the banking sector that has been left in ruins through mismanagement and outright looting by the henchmen of the previous dictatorial regime. Against this backdrop, the Bangladesh Bank (BB) governor was spot on when he could not rule out the possibility that some ailing banks now on life-support might face closure. His assertion is incontestable since those sick banks are purely a drain on the public exchequer.

The sooner those banks are given a decent burial the better for the economy even though the idea might be unpalatable to the owners of such sick banks. Notably, the BB governor reportedly expressed his view at a conference titled 'Recommendations by the Task force on Re-strategizing the Economy'. The task forces and the reform measures they have initiated to revive the banking and other sectors of the economy are the undertakings made incumbent on the interim government by the student-led mass uprising. So, there is no question of going back on the reform initiatives such as restructuring of the weak banks in consultations with the government and other stakeholders as told by the governor of the central bank at the conference in question.

When it comes to the issue of reforming banks, it is common sense that the task falls in the domain of experts in the field who are to fulfil the mission of the task force. In that case, it is only expected of the entire banking sector and politicians that they would be supportive of the ongoing reform work now in progress in the sector under consideration. It is reassuring to know that some of the malfunctioning banks undergoing restructuring under the present administration of the central bank including, for instance, the Islami Bank Bangladesh and United Commercial Bank, could finally be recovered and are now reportedly performing well. So, it is encouraging for the owners of other troubled banks.

On this score, a 'draft of bank-resolution ordinance' aiming at resolving the issue of sick banks has already been prepared which would take necessary measures including liquidation, merger and recapitalisation of the ailing banks. While welcoming the move to formulate a legal approach to decide the fate of the banks in serious liquidity crisis or overburdened with non-performing loans, it is also important to develop a system by which depositors could be protected in case any bank goes bankrupt. At this point, a disclosure by the central bank governor that work on framing of a deposit insurance act is ongoing is unquestionably a move in the right direction. It is a move long time coming in the interest of the bank depositors who happened to be the actual victims of the failing banks. While protecting the depositors with insurance coverage, the authorities concerned should also think of taking penal measures against such bank directors or owners who wilfully allowed their banks to go bankrupt. To avoid such undesirable outcome, experts concerned may also think of incorporating the idea of increasing the number of independent directors at the banks as well as prohibiting bank owners becoming chairperson of the banks concerned.

As banks play a key role in the economy by providing financial services and creating credit, its proper functioning should be assured through the ongoing reforms. Let this vital task now in progress continue unhindered.​

 

[Saif]

Banking sector in freefall

Bangladesh is on the brink of a full-scale banking crisis, exacerbated by economic stagnation and political upheaval following the collapse of the Sheikh Hasina regime. At the heart of this crisis lies a banking sector plagued by skyrocketing non-performing loans (NPLs) and pervasive financial mism

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Banking sector in freefall
Can the interim government pull the brakes?
CAF Dowlah
Published :
Mar 03, 2025 22:12
Updated :
Mar 03, 2025 22:12

A bank staff is counting notes Photo : FE/Files

Bangladesh is on the brink of a full-scale banking crisis, exacerbated by economic stagnation and political upheaval following the collapse of the Sheikh Hasina regime. At the heart of this crisis lies a banking sector plagued by skyrocketing non-performing loans (NPLs) and pervasive financial mismanagement.

Last week, Bangladesh Bank disclosed a sharp increase in classified loans, surging from Tk 2.45 trillion in September to Tk 3.45 trillion in December 2024. Consequently, the NPL ratio jumped from 16.9 per cent to an alarming 20.2 per cent within just three months. In global finance, an NPL ratio exceeding 10 per cent signals severe distress, often necessitating immediate regulatory intervention.

A SECTOR ON THE VERGE OF COLLAPSE: Most of the country's 62 scheduled banks-including six state-owned commercial banks, three specialized banks, and 43 private banks-are in crisis. State-owned banks now report an unprecedented 42.8 per cent NPL ratio, while private banks struggle at 15.6 per cent - clearly far beyond acceptable thresholds.

As of December 2024, Janata Bank held the highest soured loan ratio among the state-owned banks, with 66.8 per cent of its total loans classified as defaults. Some of its largest defaulters included top business conglomerates like Beximco and S Alam Group.

High NPL ratios erode bank earnings, destabilise balance sheets, and weaken financial institutions' ability to meet depositor demands-classic precursors to systemic financial collapse. The 2007-2008 global financial crisis followed a similar trajectory of unchecked bad loans.

Worse still, Bangladesh Bank governor Ahsan Mansur warned last week that the NPL ratio could soon reach 35 per cent, attributing the crisis to widespread corruption and systemic looting over the past 15 years. Citing combined loans of Tk 2.5 trillion issued to S Alam Group and Beximco, he remarked, "Nowhere else have so many banks been looted at once." He further warned that with 12 banks under audit following board dissolutions, the true extent of NPLs may be even higher and that some banks may not survive.

THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CRISIS: When Sheikh Hasina assumed power in 2009, NPLs stood at Tk 224.82 billion. By September 2024-immediately after her removal-this figure had skyrocketed past Tk 2.84 trillion, excluding Tk 640 billion in written-off loans. Trillions more were rescheduled or restructured to obscure the crisis's actual scale. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that over a quarter of all disbursed loans-more than Tk 5 trillion-are in distress.

Bangladesh has long maintained one of South Asia's highest NPL ratios. Between 2012 and 2021, Bangladesh's NPL ratio averaged 8.16 per cent, second only to Pakistan's 10.32 per cent. By comparison, India and Sri Lanka had lower rates of 7 per cent and 3.94 per cent, respectively. Sri Lanka's NPL ratio in 2022, however, rose to 12 per cent amid a prolonged political crisis.

Moreover, the Hasina regime encouraged loan defaulting by manipulating classification guidelines to mask the true scale of bad loans. Previously, loans were categorised as "classified" if principal or interest remained unpaid, even if not overdue, and a loan was formally recognised as a "default loan" after six months of non-payment. However, in 2019, the Hasina government weakened this standard by granting borrowers an additional six-month grace period following an initial three-month overdue period-effectively delaying default classification until nine months of non-payment.

A LEGACY OF CORRUPTION AND MISMANAGEMENT: Bangladesh's banking sector has long been a breeding ground for corruption, attracting unscrupulous actors who amassed immense wealth at taxpayers' expense. While the problem has escalated to unprecedented proportions in recent years, its roots can be traced back to the immediate aftermath of liberation war, when the entire banking system was nationalised and placed under inept administrative and political control.

Over the decades, nationalised banks were systematically mismanaged for political gain, rewarding loyal cronies along the way. The introduction of private-sector banking since the 1980s did little to curb corruption, as politically connected businessmen continued treating banks as personal cash reserves rather than institutions of financial responsibility.

During Hasina's 16-year rule, banks were plundered by politically connected elites, exacerbating capital flight through illicit mechanisms such as hundi, over-invoicing, and trade mis-invoicing. Reports estimate that Bangladesh loses $3.1 billion annually to illicit financial flows.

A White Paper released by the Interim Government estimates that under Hasina's tenure, an average of $16 billion was siphoned off annually. At its unveiling, Professor Yunus lamented, "Our blood curdles to know how they plundered the economy. The saddest part is they looted the economy openly, and most of us lacked the courage to confront it."

BANGLADESH BANK'S RESPONSE: Taking charge of the financial sector in deep troubles, governor Mansur last November mandated that all overdue loans be classified as NPLs after three months instead of six. This policy, set to take effect in April 2025, aligns with IMF standards under the conditions of Bangladesh's $4.7 billion loan agreement. As part of this deal, he also committed Bangladesh Bank to reduce NPLs to 8 per cent by June 2026.

However, the contradiction at the heart of this policy is glaring: shortening the NPL classification period will inevitably inflate the reported NPL ratio. How, then, does Bangladesh Bank intend to cut NPLs from over 20 per cent to 8 per cent within such a short window? The target appears not just unrealistic but outright delusional. The authorities are thus clearly setting themselves up for inevitable failure-risking further damage to an already fragile banking sector.

In the meantime, Bangladesh Bank has aggressively restructured over a dozen struggling banks, including those tied to the scandal-ridden S Alam Group. In a recent virtual session, central bank governor warned that 10 more commercial banks were on the brink of collapse and that some may fail. While such transparency is a welcome departure from past denialism, without concrete, pragmatic solutions to restore stability, these warnings may fuel panic rather than confidence in a banking sector already on the verge of collapse.

Reports indicate that Bangladesh Bank is considering establishing bridge banks-temporary entities to take over failing institutions-along with a Bank Restructuring and Resolution Fund, supported by government contributions and international lenders. While these measures aim to stabilise the sector, they raise serious concerns. Bridge banks offer only a short-term fix, often plagued by inefficiencies and weak depositor confidence, which could worsen instability. Meanwhile, reliance on government funds and external aid risks depleting public resources, increasing debt, and exposing the country to restrictive lender conditions. Rather than providing lasting solutions, these initiatives may merely postpone an inevitable financial reckoning.

REFORM OR RUIN: Bangladesh's banking sector has devolved from mere inefficiency into a hub of corruption, money laundering, and financial fraud. What was once a state-controlled system designed to serve the public has been hijacked by political elites, prioritising their own interests over economic stability. Rampant mismanagement and regulatory complacency have turned the sector into a liability rather than an asset for the nation.

Restoring credibility demands more than superficial reforms-it requires a complete overhaul, strict accountability, and a decisive break from the entrenched culture of financial exploitation. Without bold action, the sector risks sinking further into dysfunction and systemic collapse. Here are some suggestions that policy makers may consider.

First, without reducing NPLs, improving banks' capital adequacy is impossible. Over a decade, state-owned banks have consistently failed to meet minimum capital requirements, with NPL ratios averaging over 20 per cent. Specialised banks, in particular, remain critically undercapitalised. Yet, instead of enforcing discipline, Bangladesh Bank has repeatedly bailed out these failing institutions-at taxpayers' expense and under political directives.

This cycle of barefaced financial misgovernance has not strengthened the banking sector; it has entrenched its weakness. The time for half-measures is over. The state must stop propping up insolvent banks and let market forces determine their fate. A failing bank should fail-prolonging its existence through endless bailouts only deepens systemic inefficiency and corruption.

Second, privatisation of perenniaally losing state-owned banks is an unavoidable imperative to eliminate political patronage and entrenched corruption and mismanagement. It is, understantably, an ambitious task that the interim government may not have the capacity to fully implement, but it can certainly initiate. A logical starting point would be Janata Bank, which is sinking fast under the weight of corruption, mismanagement and bad loans.

Third, while full-scale privatisation may be beyond the scope of the interim government, at the very least, it can insist on professionalising bank management, severing it from the grip of bureaucratic incompetence and partisan loyalty. This requires accountability-holding those responsible for the financial collapse to criminal justice, whether their crimes stem from negligence, favoritism, or outright embezzlement. Unfortuntely, the interim government has so far shown little inclination to pursue such a course.

Fourth, the Interim Government must urgently overhaul Bangladesh Bank. A politicised and compromised regulator cannot fix the system it helped destroy. The institution needs a complete reset-governed by an independent board of proven experts, each overseeing critical policy areas, under a respected, impartial chairman. Leadership must be earned through merit and expertise, not bureaucratic inertia or political patronage. Without this fundamental restructuring, any attempt at financial reform will be nothing more than a facade, perpetuating the same dysfunction that brought the sector to the brink of collapse.

Ultimately, Bangladesh's financial recovery hinges on a fundamental transformation: a banking system that serves the people, not the powerful elites.Without this seismic shift, the nation's economy will remain shackled to the very predators who drove it to the edge of collapse.

Dr CF Dowlah is a retired professor of Economics and Law in the United States. Currently he serves as Chair, Bangladesh Institute of Policy Studies (BIPS).​

 

[Saif]

Bangladesh Bank governor agrees to reschedule Bashundhara’s loan

Bangladesh Bank Governor Ahsan H Mansur has agreed to allow Bashundhara Group to restructure its loan ‘if proper procedures are followed’. Central bank spokesperson Arif Hossain Khan said Bashundhara Group Chairman Ahmad Akbar Sobhan met the governor on Thursday, where they discussed t

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Bangladesh Bank governor agrees to reschedule Bashundhara’s loan
bdnews24.com
Published :
Mar 07, 2025 20:50
Updated :
Mar 07, 2025 20:50

Bangladesh Bank Governor Ahsan H Mansur has agreed to allow Bashundhara Group to restructure its loan ‘if proper procedures are followed’.

Central bank spokesperson Arif Hossain Khan said Bashundhara Group Chairman Ahmad Akbar Sobhan met the governor on Thursday, where they discussed the loan rescheduling issue.

The meeting also involved Bangladesh Bank Deputy Governors Zakir Hossain Chowdhury and Kabir Ahmed.

Sobhan was accompanied by Ahmed Jamal, the group's advisor and former deputy governor of the central bank.

“He [Sobhan] came to the governor and said they are not in default with any bank,” Bangladesh Bank spokesperson told bdnews24.com on Friday.

Sobhan informed the governor that the Criminal Investigation Department, or CID’s, report on money laundering had caused problems for them both at home and abroad.

He also pointed out that this had strained their relationships with banks.

Arif said, “The governor told him that these reports have no connection with Bangladesh Bank. If he [Sobhan] wishes to reschedule the loan, he can, but a down payment will be required.”

“He must make the down payment as per regulations. If he does, it will also benefit banks facing liquidity crises.”

The spokesperson continued, “Bangladesh Bank has already set policies for commercial banks on how they can reschedule loans.

“Therefore, no approval from the central bank is needed for Bashundhara Group to proceed with loan rescheduling.”

The governor also confirmed that Bangladesh Bank would not shut down any business, including Beximco.

He emphasised that it is the central bank’s job to encourage businesses.

“If the required down payment is 10 percent, but the client says they can only pay 5 percent, the bank will send the matter to Bangladesh Bank for approval, which may or may not be granted,” Arif said.

He added that Bangladesh Bank would review how many banks Bashundhara Group is involved with.

The central bank may hold another meeting with the business conglomerate at a later time.

The spokesperson said, "The governor told him [Sobhan] that no company accounts have been frozen so far, only individual accounts have been frozen."

An official from Bangladesh Bank said Sobhan clarified that his four sons operate separate businesses and have taken loans from different banks.

As a result, their loans do not exceed the limit for a single customer.

He continued, “Bangladesh Bank responded by saying that, according to [Registrar of Joint Stock Companies] Form-12, his name appears as the chairman of all the companies. Therefore, they will not be considered separate groups.”

“The loan must be reduced to the prescribed limit, following the proper regulations,” the official concluded.​

 

[Saif]

Remittances through agent banking rises to Tk 1,73,390cr

Disbursement amount of inward remittances through agent banking rose 21.16 per cent to Tk 1,73,390.72 crore at the end of December 2024.

www.newagebd.net

Remittances through agent banking rises to Tk 1,73,390cr
Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha . Dhaka 07 March, 2025, 21:53

Disbursement amount of inward remittances through agent banking rose 21.16 per cent to Tk 1,73,390.72 crore at the end of December 2024.

At the end of December 2023, the figure was Tk 143,113.28 crore, which increased in September 2024 to Tk 165,659 crore, according to the quarterly report on agent banking published by the Bangladesh Bank (BB).

In September 2024 quarter, the amount of inward remittances collected and disbursed by agents has increased by 4.67 percent over the previous quarter.

Talking to BSS, a senior official of the central bank said this increase in inward remittances through agent banking is supposed to be a positive outcome of the government’s initiative of providing 2.5 per cent cash incentive on inward remittances.

Moreover, banks’ financial literacy campaigns focusing on the theme ‘Enhance Social Awareness to send Remittance through Legal Channel’, announced by Bangladesh Bank is expected to have a positive impact on remittance inflow, he added.

He said agents are contributing promisingly in this regard since customers are likely to get doorstep banking services within shortest possible time.

Thus, Agent Banking is becoming popular channel for inward remittance distribution, he added.

According to the report, agent banking accounts opened in rural areas have always been the major recipients of the remittance disbursed, as they received 90.12 percent of December 2024’s total.

Of the total, only around 10 percent or Tk 7,731 crore was received by those with agent banking accounts in urban areas.

The top five banks have 95.75 per cent share of the total inward remittances distributed through agent banking till December 2024. Islami Bank Bangladesh PLC ranks the top with Tk 92,300.11 crore, which is 53.23 per cent of the total inward remittances distributed through agent banking.

Dutch-Bangla Bank PLC distributed 26.92 per cent while Bank Asia PLC 7.98 per cent, Al-Arafah Islami Bank PLC 4.43 percent and Agrani Bank PLC 3.19 percent.

Abdul Quaium Chowdhury, deputy managing director of Premier Bank PLC, said that the rising trend of agent banking, especially in rural areas, indicates that there is a remarkable potential to bring the rural unbanked people under the umbrella of formal banking services.

He said the flow of remittances into the country shows upward trend as the government has taken measures to streamline the legal channel for encouraging non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) to send money to the country.

Bangladesh Bank introduced agent banking in Bangladesh in 2013 with a view to providing a safe alternate delivery channel of banking services. The targeted customers of this service were the under-served population who generally live in geographically remote locations that are hard to reach by the formal banking networks.

Customers can avail various banking services including deposits, loans, overseas and local remittances, payment services (such as utility bills, taxes), and receiving government social safety-net benefits through agent banking outlets.

This model is thus gaining popularity as a cost-effective and convenient delivery channel to the mass people who would otherwise have remained beyond the reach of conventional banking services.

Banks are operating their agent banking activities in line with the Prudential Guidelines for Agent Banking Operation in Bangladesh, issued by Bangladesh Bank on 18 September 2017, covering various aspects, including the agent approval process, permissible activities, responsibilities of the banks and the agents.

It also focuses on the requirements for anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), and customer protection and business continuity to facilitate safe and effective proliferation of agent banking in the country.​

 

[Saif]

Fixing the problems of Islamic banks

Despite various criticisms, Islamic banking has been growing continuously worldwide for a long time due to its profit-risk sharing structure, inclusiveness, and real asset-backed transactional features. This growth signifies the potential of Islamic banking to transform the financial landscape. Isl

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Fixing the problems of Islamic banks
Asjadul Kibria
Published :
Mar 08, 2025 22:55
Updated :
Mar 08, 2025 22:55

Despite various criticisms, Islamic banking has been growing continuously worldwide for a long time due to its profit-risk sharing structure, inclusiveness, and real asset-backed transactional features. This growth signifies the potential of Islamic banking to transform the financial landscape. Islamic banking is defined as a banking system that is in line with the spirit, ethic, and value system of Islam and governed by the principles laid down by Islamic Shariah. That's why Islamic banking or financial services is described as 'shariah-compliant'. It avoids interest, encourages partnership, and rejects harmful investment, offering a hopeful alternative to conventional banking.

Islamic banking is thus described as the transformation of conventional money lending into transactions based on tangible assets and real services. There are some shortcomings in Islamic banking for obvious reasons. Nevertheless, today, it is an industry worth more than US$4.0 trillion spread over more than 80 countries worldwide, although highly concentrated in 10 countries with a Muslim majority, including Bangladesh.

More than four decades ago, Islamic banking activities started in Bangladesh by opening the first branch of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd in Dhaka. Today, there are 10 full-fledged Islamic banks in the country operating with 1,697 branches. In addition to this, 34 Islamic banking branches of 16 conventional commercial banks and 825 Islamic banking windows of 20 conventional commercial banks are also providing Islamic financial services in the country, according to Bangladesh Bank statistics.

However, Islamic banking activities in the country passed another gloomy year in 2024, mainly due to poor governance and irregularities in some major banks. The decline in the market share of the Islamic banks to the total banking industry indicates the overall weakness of the sector. At the end of December 2024, the share of Islamic banks in the country's total banking industry was 24.75 per cent in deposits, which was 25.35 per cent at the end of December 2023. In terms of investment, which is loan and advance in conventional banking terms, the ratio stood at 28.15 per cent at the end of last year against 28.92 per cent at the end of 2023.

Despite a strong public demand for Islamic financing, Islamic banking in Bangladesh has faced significant challenges in the last decade, largely due to the turmoil in the country's overall financial sector. The previous regime, led by Hasina, was accused of systematically distorting the country's financial sector, especially the banks, by allowing scams, corruption, and irregularities. This regime's actions, including undermining Islamic financing, have significantly impacted the health of the Islamic banks.

An oligarch, closely associated with the ousted Hasina regime, literally grabbed the major Islamic banks only to deteriorate the health of the banks. In the name of removing the anti-liberation force from the country's pioneer and leading Islamic bank, Islami Bank Bangladesh PLC (IBBL), to be precise, the Hasina regime backed the Chattogram-based oligarch to take over the bank, defying all rules and norms in 2017. Despite being the country's central bank, Bangladesh Bank played a shameful role in this regard by allowing the forceful transfer of ownership and management in an unprecedented manner. Foreign investors also left the bank gradually. The bank has also started to go through a series of irregularities, weakening its financial strength and eroding its reputation. As IBBL alone shares around one-third of the Islamic banking industry's total deposit and investment, any disturbance in the bank negatively affects the whole industry. Nevertheless, IBBL has developed a solid foundation for over three decades and has attained customer trust for long. That's why, despite the persistent assault on the bank since 2017, its operation could not be stopped. The oligarch also grabbed three more Islamic banks and also put those under serious trouble.

A section of economists and intellectuals, unconditionally loyal to the Hasina regime, started a virulent campaign against overall Islamic finance in general, especially before the national parliament election in 2013. They argued that there was no such thing as Islamic financing or interest-free banking and alleged that the country's Islamic banks are deceiving people. Some of them also produced research papers to show that these banks are financing religious fundamentalism in the country. They particularly targeted the IBBL, alleging that the anti-liberation force operated the bank. Some leading newspapers and media also joined the campaign without trying to understand the nature and structure of Islamic finance. In this process, Hasina-loyalist intellectuals created a hostile atmosphere for Islamic financing in the country. These intellectuals, however, raised little voice against the persistent state-backed irregularities in the country's banking sector. Even a few of them were involved in some severe irregularities like foreign exchange reserve heist, BASIC Bank scam, Hall-Mark scam in Sonali Bank, and AnonTex Group fraud in Janata Bank.

Again, some of the politicians of Bangladesh Awami League and the partisan intellectuals spread Islamophobia over the last decade and used it as a tool against the country's Islamic financing. The net result is bad governance in Islamic banks, leading to various mismanagement and corruption in the sector.

Undoubtedly, Islamic banking in Bangladesh is not free from flaws. Some bankers, businessmen, and investors also misuse Islamic financing and exploit depositors and ordinary people. This misuse underscores the urgent need for better regulation in the industry. The previous government's distorted attitude towards Islamic financing was a serious obstacle to properly controlling the sector. The absence of necessary policies to support Islamic financing has worsened the situation further. For instance, despite repeated calls for introducing Shariah-compliant instruments to manage the liquidity crisis of the Islamic banks, the central bank did not take any effective steps. Thus, the excess liquidity of the Islamic banks in terms of total liquidity in the banking sector dropped to 4.40 per cent at the end of the last year and from 15.42 per cent at the end of 2021.

As the interim government has been trying to fix the problems of the country's overall banking sector, it's crucial that Islamic banks are also included in the process. As a critical part of the country's overall financial system, the banks require adequate attention for proper functioning. The role of the Islamic banks in the financial system is significant, and their proper functioning is essential for the stability and growth of the economy.​

 

[Saif]

https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/adb-lending-500m-bailout-for-bd-banks

ADB lending $500m bailout for BD banks
Dozen banks in disarray for forged lending, NPL buildups
FHM HUAMAYN KABIR
Published :
Mar 15, 2025 00:52
Updated :
Mar 15, 2025 00:52

Bangladesh's interim government hopes to get a US$500-million bailout package from the ADB for the banking sector as some banks seemed in disarray following past forged lending and NPL buildups.

The government has already completed negotiations with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the policy-support loan and it is expecting the financial support at the first go next month, Economic Relations Division (ERD) officials said Friday.

"We have completed discussion with the ADB. The lender is convinced for Bangladesh's ongoing reforms in the financial and relevant sectors. Now it has decided to provide the funds for facilitating further reforms in the banking sector," a senior ERD official told the FE correspondent.

"We are expecting that the budgetary-support proposal will be cleared at the ADB board meeting in April and then a loan agreement would be signed immediately," he added.

Bangladesh's financial sector has been destroyed by the ousted Sheikh Hasina government and her associates through violating the banking regulations, looting hundreds of billions of takas and laundering billions of dollars, the officials deplored.

The banking-sector non-performing loans (NPLs) are rated to be on the highest level in the history of Bangladesh.


The ratio of NPLs had reached 20.20 per cent of the total outstanding loans in the banking sector till December last year, central bank's data showed.

Some corporates, seen as lackeys of the past Hasina government, borrowed huge money from banks but did not pay back the loans, which weakened the financial institutions and their operations.

"At least a dozen commercial banks appear in the red category for their vulnerability with their huge NPLs, deposit shortfalls and scams in operations," said the official.

Another ERD official says the proposed $500 million will be under the subprogramme-1 of the "Banking-sector reform-policy-based lending" by the ADB.

Another $500 million (Subprogramme-2) is likely to be processed after the success of this sub-programme, he added.

The Manila-based lender has already provided some reform proposals to the Bangladesh government regarding the financial sector and relevant others for getting the budgetary support, the ERD official said.

Meanwhile, on December 18 last year, the ADB confirmed $600 million worth of budget support titled 'Strengthening Economic Management and Governance Programme, Subprogramme 1' to support Bangladesh's preparation for graduation from the least-developed country (LDC) status.​

 

[Saif]

Transforming banking with digital innovation

The banking industry is profoundly transformed by changing customer behaviour, technological advancements, and competitive pressures.

www.thedailystar.net

Transforming banking with digital innovation

The banking industry is profoundly transformed by changing customer behaviour, technological advancements, and competitive pressures. Customers are increasingly demanding personalised, convenient, and transparent services. They expect seamless interactions across digital platforms and are more willing than ever to switch service providers if their needs are not met. Fintech companies, with their customer-centric digital offerings, have set new standards, pushing traditional banks to innovate.

The journey towards smart and digital banking begins with a thorough assessment of the bank's existing technology stack. It is crucial to evaluate architecture flexibility, cloud deployment models, and integration capabilities. Migrating data from legacy systems to modern core banking solutions can help streamline operations and improve efficiency. Banks must prioritise the implementation of interfaces that facilitate seamless integration with other business applications to enhance functionality and customer experience.

To compete effectively, banks need to develop a roadmap of products and services aligned with market best practices. This involves leveraging digital tools and technologies to provide personalised customer service, enabling customer self-resolution, and digitising processes to achieve faster processing times. Digital transformation is not just about technology; it's about redefining customer engagement. Banks must adopt multi-channel marketing strategies to improve customer interactions and conversion rates. Centralising and scaling client acquisition infrastructure can enhance wealth management penetration and drive incremental revenue. By utilising customer analytics and segmentation techniques, banks can gain deeper insights into customer behaviours, enabling tailored offerings that meet specific needs.

A successful digital transformation requires a modular architecture approach and customer experience transformation. Delivering a first-rate digital experience can significantly reduce IT running costs and drive incremental revenue through new product offerings. Establishing a "single customer view" can provide a data foundation for understanding customer segments, unlocking opportunities for increased sales and conversion.

Foundational technologies, such as blockchain, AI, and cloud intelligence, play a pivotal role in enabling digital banking. Banks should explore blockchain for secure, transparent transactions and AI for enhanced customer service and risk management. Cloud intelligence facilitates easier integrations, allowing banks to establish platforms for new business journeys or enhance existing ones. Integrating robust data governance, warehousing, lake house architectures, and business intelligence into a bank's digital strategy enhances growth and innovation. A comprehensive data governance framework not only ensures data integrity, compliance, and security but also fosters a culture of accountability and transparency.

As banks move towards digital platforms, cybersecurity becomes a paramount concern. Banks need to invest in state-of-the-art security technologies to protect against cyber threats and data breaches. Implementing advanced encryption protocols, multi-factor authentication, and regular security audits can fortify digital banking infrastructure. Additionally, banks should incorporate AI-driven threat detection systems to proactively identify and mitigate potential risks.

Digital transformation in banking also involves navigating complex regulatory environments. Banks must ensure compliance with evolving regulations while maintaining agility in their operations. A successful digital transformation requires a cultural shift within the organisation. Banks must foster a culture of innovation, agility, and collaboration. Encouraging cross-functional teams and leveraging digital innovation workshops can inspire creativity and drive change. By aligning on a North Star vision, banks can guide future decisions and inspire excitement for the possibilities that digital channels and AI can bring.

The path to becoming a true digital bank is multifaceted, involving strategic planning, technological innovation, and cultural transformation. By embracing digital tools, optimising operations, and prioritising customer experience, banks can position themselves as leaders in the financial services industry. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, banks must remain agile, continuously adapting their strategies to meet the ever-changing needs of their customers. Through a comprehensive digital transformation, banks can secure their future and thrive in the digital age.

The writer is the chairman at Financial Excellence Ltd​

 

[Saif]

12 banks to get new managing directors

Some 10-12 banks in the private sector are going to get new MDs. They will be appointed gradually in the next two years

en.prothomalo.com

12 banks to get new managing directors
Shanaullah Sakib
Dhaka
Updated: 15 Mar 2025, 14: 43

Some 10-12 banks in the private sector are going to get new managing directors (MDs). They will be appointed gradually in the next two years.

The move came in the context that several experienced MDs are going to retire soon. The list includes the MDs of BRAC Bank, Dutch-Bangla Bank, Mutual Trust Bank, Eastern Bank and Midland Bank.

At the same time, MDs of six banks, which are on verge of being dissolved due to irregularities, have been sent on enforced leaves. It is highly unlikely that they would return. They are likely to step down before completing their terms.

So, these 10-12 banks will see new faces in the top post, relevant banking sector sources say.

According to the Bangladesh Bank policy, although the age limit for bankers is 59 years, MDs can serve until 65 years maximum. The MD must have 20 years of experience as a banker and might be over 45 years of age.

The search of efficient MDs

Although the bank owners would exert influence to appoint corrupted persons in the MD posts in the past, the central bank is not allowing this to happen anymore. The Bangladesh Bank has prepared a new policy to prevent controversial bankers like PK Halder or ABM Mokammel Haque Chowdhury from taking over.

Now, a MD candidate will have to make a commitment to reach the commercial target of the bank and pass a viva at the central bank. Each of these MDs will be in charge for three years, which was five years during the term of the previous government.

Relevant persons say although many are interested in the MD post given the hefty salary, other facilities and the power associated with it, a very few of the bankers get the opportunity. Most of the incumbent private bank MDs started their careers with foreign banks. The same goes for many of the deputy managing directors (DMDs). They are also interested in the top post.

Speaking to several private bank entrepreneurs, it has been learnt the bank business is under a tough challenge due to the endless irregularities and forgery in the sector in the last 15 years. Therefore, everyone is looking for efficient persons with a good image for these posts.

However, officials with such criteria are rare in the local banks. So contacts have been made with Bangladeshi bankers at top positions in foreign banks. There has already been some progress in this regard. Singapore-based international banking and fintech consultancy agency Asia FIIT co-founder Osman Ershad Fayez has already joined the Eastern Bank as an additional MD. He also served as the MD and chief executive director at Standard Chartered Singapore. Another bank is in talks with a banker who served as the chief executive of Standard Chartered Bank’s operations in Bangladesh.

The banks to have new MDs

It has been learnt that Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) MD Abul Kashem Md Shirin will retire on 6 February next year. He took charge of the bank in 2016. The term of Midland Bank MD Ahsan-Uz Zaman ends on 24 February, next year. He has been serving the bank as the MD since 2014.

BRAC Bank MD Selim RF Hossain will retire on 4 March next year. He was also the MD of IDLC Finance from 2010 to 2015. He was appointed the BRAC Bank MD in October, 2015. Easter Bank Limited MD Ali Reza Iftekhar will end his term on 19 April, 2026. He has been in the post since 2007.

Mutual Trust Bank managing director Syed Mahbubur Rahman will retire on 16 February 2027. He became the MD of the bank in 2010. He also worked with the BRAC Bank and Dhaka Bank. He was the only one among the private bank MDs, who was vocal against different irregularities and corruption in the banking sector in the last 15 years.

These soon to be retired MDs have been in the leadership of Association of Bankers Bangladesh, an organisation of managing directors in the banking sector. They are also known as influential bankers. They have roles in legislation of different laws and policies of the banking sector.

Apart from that, Community Bank managing director Mashihul Haque Chowdhury has already retired. The recruitment procedure for a new MD at the bank is underway. The term of Citizens Bank MD Mohammad Masum ended last 27 February. The board of directors of the bank has decided to appoint Bank Asia deputy managing director (DMD) Alamgir Hossain as the MD. The appointment will be finalised upon approval from the central bank.

Sheikh Mohammad Maruf joined as the MD of Dhaka Bank in October last year. Before that, he served as the additional MD at City Bank. There have been discussions that several of the vacant posts of MDs are to be filled up by the additional MDs of different banks.

Meanwhile, international auditors started surveys on the six week banks under vulnerable situations due to irregularities in January. The MDs of these banks have sent on forced leaves for three months for this. The six banks are – First Security Islami Bank, Social Islami Bank, Global Islami Bank, Union Bank, Exim Bank and ICB Islami Bank.

Former executive director of Bangladesh Bank Md Humayun Kabir has already joined as the Union Bank MD. The ICB Islami Bank board of directors has proposed the name of former central bank executive director Anwarul Islam for the MD post. Meanwhile, former Shahjalal Islami Bank officials M Akhter and Abdul Aziz have joined the Exim Bank as additional MDs.

Speaking to Prothom Alo regarding this, DBBL managing director Abul Kashem Md Shirin said, “My term as the MD ends next year. Before that, I want to further strengthen the bank.”

*This report appeared on the print and online versions of Prothom Alo and has been rewritten in English by Ashish Basu​

 

[Saif]

Banking reforms on the move

The Bangladesh Bank has embarked on a series of banking reforms with quiet determination. Most recently, it has tightened regulations regarding dividend payouts by scheduled banks, exemplifying the strategy of seizing low-hanging fruit in the pursuit of structural reforms.

www.thedailystar.net

Banking reforms on the move

The Bangladesh Bank has embarked on a series of banking reforms with quiet determination. Most recently, it has tightened regulations regarding dividend payouts by scheduled banks, exemplifying the strategy of seizing low-hanging fruit in the pursuit of structural reforms.

Concurrently, an announcement was made to establish four new departments at the BB head office to bolster its operations and enhance oversight of the financial sector.

Just a few days prior, BB reformed the exit policy for non-performing loans (NPLs), specifically targeting defaulters who were not deemed to have failed in repayment due to wilful neglect or deceptive practices to evade payment.

The new regulations introduced by the BB, combining firmness with strategic leniency, lay the groundwork for a sturdy financial system. This article focuses on the most recent reform concerning dividend payouts, an addition to BB's collection of quickly attainable yet impactful initiatives.

Observed dividend practices

Banks notorious for holding not just bad loans but also poor cash placements have distributed dividends amounting to 10 percent or more of their net paper profits after tax. These profits, termed as 'paper' due to their origins in creative accounting and lenient regulatory oversight, do not reflect real earnings.

Out of the 61 banks in Bangladesh, merely five achieved net profits exceeding Tk 1,000 crore in 2024, primarily due to a flight to safety amidst financial instability. The net interest income, typically the main revenue source for banks, paled in comparison to the returns from government securities.

Depositors shifted funds to institutions perceived as more secure, prioritising financial safety over profitability. Growth of nonperforming loans has outpaced deposit growth for longer than old, aged memories can recall.

Yet, practices in listed banks of Bangladesh show an increasing trend in dividend payments. This is puzzling with pieces that just don't fit together. In a system plagued by tight liquidity, pervasive insolvency, and shaky confidence, positive and often high (above 10 percent) dividend yields observed in reality for a large number of listed financial corporates challenge understanding the drivers of their dividend policy.

Politically influential individuals took out funds and laundered them abroad. At the end of 2024, over one-fifth of the total loans in the banking sector were sour, largely due to embezzlement by owners. Distressed assets are probably two and a half to three times the reported NPLs.

This does not prevent cash dividends. On the contrary, there is a significant and positive association between business risk and dividend payout ratio in the banking sector. Banks with higher business risks tend to pay higher dividends.

This reflects a "milking the property" strategy. Several banks appear to be prioritising dividend payments over maintaining financial stability.

Towards better prudence

These practices exacerbate the long-term damage to banks already weakened by fraud and defaults. For commercial banks, a sound dividend policy is essential for maintaining a robust capital base to absorb potential losses and comply with regulatory capital requirements. During times of economic and political instability, such as those we currently face on a daily basis, a conservative dividend policy that emphasises retaining earnings is imperative.

BB's new dividend policy could reportedly restrain 23 out of 61 banks from making dividend payouts at the risk of depositors' and minority shareholders' interests. Banks that have taken a deferral facility to maintain provisioning requirements cannot pay dividends, nor can those with NPLs exceeding 10 percent of their total loans or incurring penalty or fine due to shortfall in the cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio.

Cash dividends are restricted to the profits generated within the current calendar year; they cannot be distributed from past accumulated profits. Banks that maintain a risk-adjusted capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of at least 15 percent can issue cash and stock dividends up to 50 percent of their net profit after tax. This limit drops to 40 percent if the CAR is between 12.5 percent and 15 percent. No cash dividends can be paid if the CAR falls between 10 percent and 12.5 percent.

Such tightening is particularly warranted when the BB is pressed to provide liquidity support to distressed banks. After the political changeover last year, the BB provided money to troubled banks to prevent a bank run. It has provided around Tk 25,000 crore in liquidity support to ensure they could meet withdrawal demands.

The BB needed to make sure such withdrawals do not include cash dividends paid by liquidity and capital-constrained banks. The crisis-hit banks are yet to repay the funds to the BB. Further asset quality deterioration is on the cards with declining growth, high inflation, and continuing social unrest.

The dividend payout reform encourages banks to retain earnings. By prioritising protecting depositors from potential risks, it should help banks navigate challenging economic conditions by promoting financial prudence.

Readiness for deeper reforms

Although the new regulation might initially face backlash in the stock market, particularly from short-term-focused investors, their long-term advantages for both the economy and the market are remarkable. Enhancing banks' capital foundations will strengthen the overall health of the banking sector.

These measures align with the upcoming tighter NPL recognition criteria and the simplified provisioning framework set to be implemented this April. They also complement the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework announced in December 2023 with a commitment to implement by end March 2025. The PCA outlines specific strategies for addressing banks based on the severity of their balance sheet issues.

Currently, it is hoped that banks can no longer leverage political protection to operate as freely with impunity as they did under the previous regime. Now is opportune moment for reforming the prudential framework encompassing dividend payments, NPL recognition, provisioning requirements, and disciplined exits.

Those disadvantaged by these reforms are currently at a significant political disadvantage. The call for financial stability has never been stronger, both from local stakeholders and international partners.

These reforms are especially handy as comprehensive efforts to overhaul the banking system, including the BB, are in progress, albeit still in their infancy. The impact of these changes will become more apparent once a substantial number of reforms have been sustainably implemented over time.

The writer is a former lead economist of the World Bank's Dhaka office​

 

[Saif]

Reforms on the move

The Bangladesh Bank has embarked on a series of banking reforms with quiet determination. Most recently, it has tightened regulations regarding dividend payouts by scheduled banks, exemplifying the strategy of seizing low-hanging fruit in the pursuit of structural reforms.

www.thedailystar.net

Reforms on the move

The Bangladesh Bank has embarked on a series of banking reforms with quiet determination. Most recently, it has tightened regulations regarding dividend payouts by scheduled banks, exemplifying the strategy of seizing low-hanging fruit in the pursuit of structural reforms.

Concurrently, an announcement was made to establish four new departments at the BB head office to bolster its operations and enhance oversight of the financial sector.

Just a few days prior, BB reformed the exit policy for non-performing loans (NPLs), specifically targeting defaulters who were not deemed to have failed in repayment due to wilful neglect or deceptive practices to evade payment.

The new regulations introduced by the BB, combining firmness with strategic leniency, lay the groundwork for a sturdy financial system. This article focuses on the most recent reform concerning dividend payouts, an addition to BB's collection of quickly attainable yet impactful initiatives.

Observed dividend practices

Banks notorious for holding not just bad loans but also poor cash placements have distributed dividends amounting to 10 percent or more of their net paper profits after tax. These profits, termed as 'paper' due to their origins in creative accounting and lenient regulatory oversight, do not reflect real earnings.

Out of the 61 banks in Bangladesh, merely five achieved net profits exceeding Tk 1,000 crore in 2024, primarily due to a flight to safety amidst financial instability. The net interest income, typically the main revenue source for banks, paled in comparison to the returns from government securities.

Depositors shifted funds to institutions perceived as more secure, prioritising financial safety over profitability. Growth of nonperforming loans has outpaced deposit growth for longer than old, aged memories can recall.

Yet, practices in listed banks of Bangladesh show an increasing trend in dividend payments. This is puzzling with pieces that just don't fit together. In a system plagued by tight liquidity, pervasive insolvency, and shaky confidence, positive and often high (above 10 percent) dividend yields observed in reality for a large number of listed financial corporates challenge understanding the drivers of their dividend policy.

Politically influential individuals took out funds and laundered them abroad. At the end of 2024, over one-fifth of the total loans in the banking sector were sour, largely due to embezzlement by owners. Distressed assets are probably two and a half to three times the reported NPLs.

This does not prevent cash dividends. On the contrary, there is a significant and positive association between business risk and dividend payout ratio in the banking sector. Banks with higher business risks tend to pay higher dividends.

This reflects a "milking the property" strategy. Several banks appear to be prioritising dividend payments over maintaining financial stability.

Towards better prudence

These practices exacerbate the long-term damage to banks already weakened by fraud and defaults. For commercial banks, a sound dividend policy is essential for maintaining a robust capital base to absorb potential losses and comply with regulatory capital requirements. During times of economic and political instability, such as those we currently face on a daily basis, a conservative dividend policy that emphasises retaining earnings is imperative.

BB's new dividend policy could reportedly restrain 23 out of 61 banks from making dividend payouts at the risk of depositors' and minority shareholders' interests. Banks that have taken a deferral facility to maintain provisioning requirements cannot pay dividends, nor can those with NPLs exceeding 10 percent of their total loans or incurring penalty or fine due to shortfall in the cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio.

Cash dividends are restricted to the profits generated within the current calendar year; they cannot be distributed from past accumulated profits. Banks that maintain a risk-adjusted capital adequacy ratio (CAR) of at least 15 percent can issue cash and stock dividends up to 50 percent of their net profit after tax. This limit drops to 40 percent if the CAR is between 12.5 percent and 15 percent. No cash dividends can be paid if the CAR falls between 10 percent and 12.5 percent.

Such tightening is particularly warranted when the BB is pressed to provide liquidity support to distressed banks. After the political changeover last year, the BB provided money to troubled banks to prevent a bank run. It has provided around Tk 25,000 crore in liquidity support to ensure they could meet withdrawal demands.

The BB needed to make sure such withdrawals do not include cash dividends paid by liquidity and capital-constrained banks. The crisis-hit banks are yet to repay the funds to the BB. Further asset quality deterioration is on the cards with declining growth, high inflation, and continuing social unrest.

The dividend payout reform encourages banks to retain earnings. By prioritising protecting depositors from potential risks, it should help banks navigate challenging economic conditions by promoting financial prudence.

Readiness for deeper reforms

Although the new regulation might initially face backlash in the stock market, particularly from short-term-focused investors, their long-term advantages for both the economy and the market are remarkable. Enhancing banks' capital foundations will strengthen the overall health of the banking sector.

These measures align with the upcoming tighter NPL recognition criteria and the simplified provisioning framework set to be implemented this April. They also complement the Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework announced in December 2023 with a commitment to implement by end March 2025. The PCA outlines specific strategies for addressing banks based on the severity of their balance sheet issues.

Currently, it is hoped that banks can no longer leverage political protection to operate as freely with impunity as they did under the previous regime. Now is opportune moment for reforming the prudential framework encompassing dividend payments, NPL recognition, provisioning requirements, and disciplined exits.

Those disadvantaged by these reforms are currently at a significant political disadvantage. The call for financial stability has never been stronger, both from local stakeholders and international partners.

These reforms are especially handy as comprehensive efforts to overhaul the banking system, including the BB, are in progress, albeit still in their infancy. The impact of these changes will become more apparent once a substantial number of reforms have been sustainably implemented over time.

The writer is former lead economist of the World Bank's Dhaka office.​

 

[Saif]

Restructuring banking sector

Bangladesh's economic achievements over the past decades are at risk due to severe financial sector challenges. The banking sector is facing a crisis, with non-performing loans (NPLs) exceeding 30 per cent, capital and liquidity shortages, weak governance, and regulatory inefficiencies. Meanwhile,

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Restructuring banking sector
M Fazlur Rahman
Published :
Mar 17, 2025 23:03
Updated :
Mar 17, 2025 23:03

Bangladesh's economic achievements over the past decades are at risk due to severe financial sector challenges. The banking sector is facing a crisis, with non-performing loans (NPLs) exceeding 30 per cent, capital and liquidity shortages, weak governance, and regulatory inefficiencies. Meanwhile, the capital market remains underdeveloped, lacking both investor confidence and proper oversight.

Without bold, structured reforms, these systemic weaknesses are likely to lead to financial instability, economic stagnation, rising inflation, and increased business costs. Immediate action is essential to restore banking sector resilience, rebuild capital market trust, and ensure long-term economic sustainability. A comprehensive financial sector restructuring strategy, prioritising national interests over political and vested interests, must align with global best practices.

The banking sector is facing critical challenges that threaten its stability and growth. These challenges include soaring NPLs, averaging over 35 per cent, with some banks exceeding 60 per cent, compared to the global norm of below 10 per cent; capital and liquidity shortages; weak governance and political interference; regulatory inefficiency; technological gaps; corruption and fraud; macroeconomic instability; and rising global pressure to adopt green financing and sustainable practices-all of which require a strategic shift in lending models and alignment with economic goals.

Bangladesh must adopt proven reform models from countries like the USA, India, Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia, which have successfully tackled banking crises through structured transformations.

As the country is failing to manage NPLs with existing tools, we can follow the models of countries like Japan, the USA, India, and South Korea, which have successfully tackled the problem of NPLs.

Other models could also be followed to strengthen governance and reduce political interference, enhance regulatory frameworks, foster digital transformation and cybersecurity, improve financial inclusion and literacy, manage macroeconomic risks, combat corruption and fraud, and promote green financing and ESG compliance.

Bangladesh should categorise banks by specialisation to prevent excessive diversification, such as retail banks that mainly provide consumer-focused services, corporate and SME banks for industrial financing, Islamic banks for Shariah-compliant financial models, digital and fintech banks that provide mobile financial services, and remittance and expatriate banks specifically for serving the NRB community.

The government should buy back NPLs from banks or issue low-interest bonds to absorb bad assets.

Alternatively, the government could issue long-term bonds to the general public and use the proceeds to replace NPLs on bank balance sheets. This would inject liquidity into the system while ensuring public participation in financial stability. In addition, stricter legal penalties should be imposed on willful defaulters and bank loan fraudsters.

To maintain inflation at a stable rate and ensure sustainable economic growth, stricter lending criteria should be enforced. However, lending should also be made available at lower costs to productive sectors to stimulate business growth.

By implementing these measures, Bangladesh can restructure its banking sector, eliminate NPL burdens, ensure liquidity flow, and create a more resilient financial system for steady economic growth.

Institutional reforms in the country's banking sector should include, importantly, strengthening Bangladesh Bank's autonomy, creating specialised agencies, adopting technology to prioritise digital infrastructure and cybersecurity, maintaining global standards by aligning with Basel III, FATF AML guidelines, and ESG frameworks, fostering public-private partnerships, decoupling banking decisions from political influence, and publishing NPL data while involving civil society in oversight to ensure public accountability.

The banking sector is the backbone of Bangladesh's economy, and its restructuring must be driven by national interest, financial discipline, and long-term sustainability. Without immediate reforms, investor confidence will weaken, business costs will rise, and financial instability will persist.

Bangladesh must replicate global successes by strengthening institutions, leveraging technology, and enforcing zero tolerance for corruption. By adopting global best practices and ensuring governance reforms, Bangladesh can build a resilient, liquid, and efficient banking sector, supporting SME growth, industrialisation, and foreign investment.

The time for debate is over-bold, immediate, and structured actions are necessary to secure Bangladesh's financial future.

The writer is a former Managing Director of private commercial bank.​