[🇧🇩] Save the Rivers/Forests/Hills-----Save the Environment

[Saif]

Polybag use: Enforcement of ban needed

The news that use of polythene bags are going to be banned at the country's superstores carries no meaning. First, most superstores do not allow the material's use; second, and more importantly, the 2002 ban on polythene imposed under the 1995 Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, first of its k

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Polybag use: Enforcement of ban needed
Published :
Sep 11, 2024 22:20
Updated :
Sep 11, 2024 22:20

The news that use of polythene bags are going to be banned at the country's superstores carries no meaning. First, most superstores do not allow the material's use; second, and more importantly, the 2002 ban on polythene imposed under the 1995 Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, first of its kind in the world, is still in force---it was never scrapped. So, there is no way of banning something that is already banned. It is the enforcement of the law that should be the real issue. Here it is selective enforcement understandably to study it as a test case with the purpose of gradually moving towards complete enforcement all across the country. Superstores avoid using polythene but they also have to use much thicker poly bags for certain items such as fish and meat from which blood oozes out. The law has some concessional provisions for plastic bags. Bags or plastic graded as polyethylene terephthalate (PETE or PET) is safe for use and environment.

Clearly, the debate hinges not on fresh ban on polythene and plastic but on enforcement of the legal provisions. Focusing on superstores which rarely use the poly bags randomly used in groceries and kitchen markets may be convenient but it will hardly make a dent in the colossal problem. Production facilities must be dismantled. After the ban slapped in 2002, polythene bags nearly disappeared from the market and for the first six months people changed their habit in favour of carrying gunny, paper and fabric bags for shopping. Why polythene staged a comeback is the result of lax monitoring and a lack of alternative to the easiest, cheapest and most convenient but highly harmful type now posing a serious threat to the country's environment and by extension its future. It takes as long as 200-400 years for degradation of polythene and plastic materials. In fact, both land and seas of this planet are under severe threat of plastic pollution.

That the adviser in charge of the ministry of environment, forest and climate change has been holding meeting with the stakeholders to know about the preparation for the alternative to poly bags is appreciable. The approach to the problem before enforcement of the law can be replicated when the area gets expanded from superstores to groceries and kitchen markets in the large cities and then all across the country. Reportedly, Dhaka alone uses 4.0 million polythene bags daily. This is mind-boggling and has to be stopped as soon as possible.

The important thing is to go about the task of making polythene bags a thing of the past. No doubt, the first thing ought to be to set a deadline and make effective arrangement for the alternative to such bags. The country's jute mills, mostly incurring losses, can be given a new lease of life if those are assigned to produce the required number of bags of finer quality. But the best alternative would be sonali bag made from jute cellulose invented by scientist Mobarak Ahmed Khan. Currently, the state-owned Latif Bawani Jute Mills produces only 15,000 sonali bags a day. The bag compares better with its polythene counterpart and is biodegradable, environmentally friendly and recyclable. But it is far costlier. Further research and experiment may make cellulose separation cheaper. If mills of higher capacity can be developed, mass production and use of the bag will definitely bring down the cost. Machines of greater capacity can be developed in collaboration with industrial partners abroad.​

 

[Saif]

Prof Yunus should take the climate fight to UNGA

Prof Yunus is now in a position to elevate the country’s voice in the climate crisis that affects Bangladesh most acutely.

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Prof Yunus should take the climate fight to UNGA

Prof Yunus has the global credibility to lead on this issue and can share his vision of Bangladesh becoming a climate-conscious country. PHOTO: REUTERS

As world leaders gather at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) this September, Bangladesh faces a unique opportunity to push its climate agenda. Prof Muhammad Yunus, the interim government's chief adviser, will head a small delegation of seven members. The responsibility will primarily rest on him to advocate for Bangladesh and other vulnerable nations of the Global South, a role he is well-prepared for given his global stature. Having put Bangladesh on the map through his pioneering work in microfinance, Prof Yunus is now in a position to elevate the country's voice in the climate crisis that affects countries like Bangladesh most acutely, despite being least responsible for it.

In his meetings, Prof Yunus must make the case for greater accountability from wealthier nations, which have historically been the largest contributors to the climate crisis. These nations bear the greatest responsibility for supporting countries like Bangladesh already experiencing the worst impacts. Despite the urgency for adaptation and recovery across the Global South, financial commitments from the Global North remain inadequate and slow to materialise. If this imbalance continues, vulnerable countries will face even greater devastation, further deepening inequalities and exacerbating the climate emergency.

Prof Yunus should highlight the alarming situation we face. Throughout its 4.5 billion-year history, Earth has undergone five mass extinction events, each causing devastating losses. The fourth event, 225 million years ago, wiped out 90 percent of all species, while the most recent, 65 million years ago, eliminated half of Earth's species. Though humans have existed for only 300,000 years, they are now pushing the planet toward a sixth mass extinction event through their activity. Modern civilization, which has flourished for the past 10,000 years under stable and predictable climate conditions, is now facing unprecedented disruption. Rising greenhouse gas levels are dismantling the very systems that have sustained humanity, threatening food security and livelihoods, especially in vulnerable nations like Bangladesh.

Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 levels have surged from a stable 200-300 parts per million (ppm) to over 420 ppm today. Including methane and other gases, the total exceeds 500 ppm, levels humanity has never encountered before. The consequences are already clear.

For Bangladesh, where millions depend on agriculture, the stakes are high. Erratic weather patterns driven by rising global temperatures are causing floods, droughts, and extreme weather events, putting food security at risk. With a large population reliant on subsistence farming, Bangladesh is a compelling example of how climate change directly threatens livelihoods, while global action remains slow.

Reducing carbon emissions to net zero by mid-century, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, is essential, but insufficient. Over a trillion tonnes of excess CO2, already in the atmosphere, will persist for centuries. Even if we fully stopped emissions today, which is unlikely, the damage from accumulated greenhouse gases would continue to worsen. To address this challenge, a two-pronged global approach is necessary: significantly reducing the current annual emissions of 50 billion tonnes and removing the excess one trillion tonnes present in the atmosphere.

For countries like Bangladesh, waiting for long-term solutions is not an option. Immediate action is important, particularly through mechanisms like the Loss and Damage Fund, a landmark achievement of COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh. However, despite this breakthrough, operationalising the fund has been frustratingly slow. Recent board meetings have failed to deliver the financial support vulnerable nations need to recover from climate disasters. This delay is further compounded by the failure of developed countries to meet their commitment to jointly mobilise $100 billion per year by 2020. Wealthy nations and multilateral development banks must urgently step up and fulfil these promises, providing the climate finance necessary to support countries already grappling with extreme weather and rising sea levels.

Prof Yunus has the global credibility to lead on this issue. In his meetings, he can share his vision of Bangladesh becoming a climate-conscious country. He can talk about exploring education reform to integrate climate science and leadership development into the national curriculum to ensure that future generations have an understanding of climate change and the leadership skills to drive meaningful social change. These reforms align with Prof Yunus's broader vision of achieving "Three Zeros," which are zero poverty, zero unemployment, and zero net carbon emissions.

Through my work at the Global Youth Leadership Center, I have seen first hand how empowering young people with climate education and leadership skills can create ripple effects in their communities. In countries across the Global South, where climate impacts are already being felt, young people are stepping up to address local challenges. But while local actions are inspiring, they are not enough to tackle the global scale of the problem. Without substantial financial and technical support from the Global North, the most vulnerable countries will continue to suffer the worst consequences of climate change.

As Prof Yunus heads to UNGA, he must remind the world that Bangladesh, like many other vulnerable countries, is on the frontline of a crisis it did not cause. The larger share of responsibility falls on those who have contributed the most to this problem. To avoid catastrophic consequences, the world must take immediate action. Bangladesh can lead the way, but we cannot fight this battle alone.

Ejaj Ahmad is the founder and CEO of the Global Youth Leadership Center and the founder and executive chairperson of the Bangladesh Youth Leadership Center.​

 

[Saif]

To reform Bangladesh's environment sector, focus on biodiversity conservation

Environment is one of three pillars of sustainable development, while society and economy are the other two.

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To reform Bangladesh's environment sector, focus on biodiversity conservation​

The environment sector currently has three major concerns: biodiversity, climate change, and pollution. FILE PHOTO: HABIBUR RAHMAN/STAR

While Bangladesh is currently overwhelmed with reforming different sectors, including public administration, banking, education, law enforcement, and judicial systems, we are not hearing much about reforming the environment sector. This is a bit odd, since we have several environment champions as the advisors of the current interim government. There might be two reasons for that: either environment is not a priority at the moment, or environment sector doesn't need any reforming.

I believe the first point falls short since environment is one of three pillars of sustainable development, while society and economy are the other two. Therefore, failing to prioritise the environment can't be an option. Nevertheless, the environment sector currently has three major concerns: biodiversity, climate change, and pollution. Given the extremely desperate situations we are in now to fight these challenges, reforming our environmental institutions, policies, laws, and practices are crucial.

First, we need to reorient our mindset. A country having 50 percent area as wetlands and 40 percent people living in cities and towns, we must let go of the idea that increasing the percentage of forest is the main measure of biodiversity conservation. When we talk about conservation and ecosystems, we should include our natural and man-made waterbodies, green and planted areas on fallow land, arable land (having agroforestry), roadsides, rural homesteads, roof-tops, and industrial spaces in the biodiversity estimates.

Second, over the last few decades, we have lost many wetlands to urbanisation. From 1990 to 2020, Dhaka alone lost about 70 percent of its waterbodies. It may sound utopian to evict millions of people from young urban areas and re-water the lost wetlands. But it is not practical at all technologically, financially, legally, or ethically. However, we can legally bind city corporations, municipalities, real estate developers, and housing societies to make those settlements "nature hubs" by restoring old or creating new water-ways, and increasing green spaces by waterbodies, on open land, and on concrete structures, for example. Legally, we need to ensure no more urban wetlands are killed. Furthermore, we shouldn't monetise aquatic ecosystems' benefits nor should we put high taxes or transfer costs on these ecosystems to increase public revenue or discourage their conversion. This is because we now have many individuals and groups who can simply purchase ecosystems, despite what the price tags may be. A complete embargo on further switching of wetlands for other use is the only option we have.

Third, the government needs to reclaim its encroached land legally belonging to the forest department (250,000 acres) or the railway authority (4,000 acres) and bring these under restoration and plantation programmes with appropriate plant species. It may seem impossible, but given these departments' recent past successes and an absence of certain ill forces at the moment, it is feasible. Such reforestation and afforestation programmes should not be a crazy festival of planting thousands of saplings over a week, then totally losing their traces over the next few months. We must capitalise on our 30-year experience of community-based natural resource management to make such plantation sustained. To stop government-supported destruction of forest land and planted land, especially on the coast, we need to put legal measures in place which will make it difficult even for the government to allocate forest land/planted land to build cantonments, stadiums, economic zones, or settlement through harmful executive orders.

Fourth, we need to have updated, authentic figures of our forest cover and the total area of wetlands. We can brag about increasing the number of protected areas through gazette notifications, but without knowing exactly what biodiversity, small and big, we are trying to protect, the whole effort is meaningless. Thus, only counting the tiger population every 3-5 years is not enough. Similarly, fisherfolks are prevented from catching fish several times a year, but we don't have any scientific data if such fishing bans are actually increasing aquatic biodiversity. So, to ensure our biodiversity protection is evidence-driven, from now on, no terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem should be declared protected until we know details about the biodiversity itself. Additionally, these protected areas' biodiversity should be periodically checked. Any legal restrictions on harvesting natural resources like fish should be revisited based on up-to-date scientific information, to ensure if such bans are bringing envisaged benefits.

Fifth, in 2017, the Bangladesh Country Investment Plan (CIP) for Environment, Forestry and Climate Change (2016-2021) estimated a need for around $423 million every year to take biodiversity actions. In 2019, Bangladesh reported to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that, during FY2015-FY2018, the environment ministry and its departments annually spent about $15 million. Despite such poor allocations, to ensure that finance is available for conservation, we don't need to reform our laws. Three legal instruments already have funding provisions: the Ecologically Critical Area Management Rules, 2016 (Article 23), the Protected Area Management Rules, 2017 (Article 29), and the Bangladesh Biodiversity Act, 2017 (Article 36). We now need to operationalise these funds, put real money in them, and establish coherence or jurisdictional boundaries among them to avoid overlapping. By formulating a "Bangladesh Conservation Fiscal Framework," we could start outlining country's conservation finance.

Postscript: The environment ministry is currently updating the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). I wonder how reforming our environment sector will be reflected in that.

Dr Haseeb Md Irfanullah is an independent consultant working on environment, climate change, and research system; a visiting research fellow at the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB).​

 

[Saif]

Govt must finance and promote Sonali bag

Environment, forest and climate change adviser to the government has instructed the city's super shops not to use polythene bags but arrange for the biodegradable and environmentally friendly alternative. The environment advisor is well known nationally and internationally for her environmental act

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Govt must finance and promote Sonali bag
Syed Mansur Hashim
Published :
Sep 17, 2024 21:58
Updated :
Sep 17, 2024 21:58

Environment, forest and climate change adviser to the government has instructed the city's super shops not to use polythene bags but arrange for the biodegradable and environmentally friendly alternative. The environment advisor is well known nationally and internationally for her environmental activism and the declaration by the interim government to eliminate the use of plastic bottles in government offices is perhaps the first step in moving towards a more environmental-friendly policy stance.

A laudable initiative, but there are many hurdles on the way! In 2002, the government led by the BNP had actually banned polythene bags without taking any major steps to stop production of polythene and plastic goods in the country. While this threw the supply chain of polythene packaging in disarray for a while, people started adapting to the new status quo by going back to jute bags.

That ban didn't have the desired impact because no real enforcement by the environment officials, no clear-cut directives issued on how to deal with errant traders and buyers of polythene packaging material, including shopping bags were there. All this was compounded by the illegal production and distribution of poly bags, simply because jute bags available back then were considered unsuitable for modern shopping needs. Hence, that initiative failed.

Some developments have taken place since those early days. Dr, Mubarak Ahmed Khan, A Bangladeshi scientist has discovered the secret of unlocking a biodegradable substitute to harmful plastic. Back in 2017, he had developed a polymer made from jute fibre rocking the hugely powerful plastic sector which is closely connected to the world of petrochemicals. While his discovery garnered global public attention as it had opened up the possibility of replacing one of the most environmentally-damaging materials the world uses today to carry and package goods, mass production of the 'Sonali bag' has remained a distant dream.

There should be no confusion as to why nothing has happened. Leaving aside geopolitics and the massive sway the plastic industry holds over government decision-making in any country, there is a question of its viability in the face of well-entrenched business interests. Merely expressing the wish to promote this biodegradable material as the building block of an entirely new industry that will replace an old one that provides thousands of crores of Taka in VAT contribution to the national exchequer isn't going to get much traction. The plastic industry goes beyond simply providing VAT revenue to the government, it employs hundreds of thousands of people at various stages of production and distribution and allows for durable packaging to all sorts of goods across various sectors of the economy.

That said, there is no reason why Sonali bag cannot be made viable. The initial investment of about Tk100 crore, if invested into a project as working capital for the production of this bag, will enable the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation to reach government's production targets set for consumption. Dr. Mobarak has stated that given the present machinery and introduction of certain new technology, national goals for replacing plastic poly bags is reachable. What is required is not just political will, but putting into place a regime of practices for effective enforcement of any directive that will involve supplanting either plastic polythene or single use plastics in the economy. That is something the government has to think deeply over prior to taking on the power plastic lobby. Lastly, if Sonali bag can be made viable in Bangladesh, there are huge possibilities for products made of jute fibre in the export market. It is the government that must come up with requisite finance for taking this groundbreaking initiative forward. Only the state has the power to effect change at the policy level.​

 

[Saif]

Giving rivers a new lease of life

Much like the arteries and veins of the human body that carry essential blood to and from the heart, Bangladesh was once blessed with numerous rivers and canals that sustained the life of the nation, but not anymore. To say the country's rivers are dying is a gross understatement. It is much worse.

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Giving rivers a new lease of life
Atiqul Kabir Tuhin
Published :
Sep 18, 2024 22:10
Updated :
Sep 18, 2024 22:10

Much like the arteries and veins of the human body that carry essential blood to and from the heart, Bangladesh was once blessed with numerous rivers and canals that sustained the life of the nation, but not anymore. To say the country's rivers are dying is a gross understatement. It is much worse. Most of the rivers are already dead and those still alive will soon disappear if action is not taken to protect them from onslaught of pollution, siltation and encroachment.

Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Adviser Syeda Rizwana Hasan said: "this generation, which waged the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, has never seen a single pollution-free river in Bangladesh," and she wants to change that.

The adviser plans to begin the clean-up drive by targeting one river in each division of the country, getting the job done properly and preparing a blueprint for future governments to follow. Turning wastelands with toxic, pitch-black, repulsive smelling water into placid rivers that poets write about would be of untold benefit.

To address this problem the authorities need to take effective steps in preventing river pollution - a major problem. Most of the rivers are perceived to be dumping grounds for domestic and industrial waste - nature's waste disposal services. Little or no thought is given to the fact that our very existence is threatened if these rivers cease to exist. Environmentalists have been warning and trying to educate the people to prevent such catastrophe. The media, civil service organisations, and all conscious citizens, including politicians, have supported the stance to keep the rivers flowing. But pollution of rivers still continues unabated. Mills and factories - established along riverbanks - have for decades been using them callously as dumping grounds. Before the factory is even built, the riverbank location is viewed as a cost-saving advantage for waste disposal.

The Buriganga River, for example, has been a hapless victim of pollution from industrial waste, plastics, medical waste, and sewage for decades. To reduce Buriganga's pollution emissions Hazaribagh tanneries were relocated to Savar. Now the Dhaleswari River is being polluted by dumping untreated industrial wastewater, as the Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) of Savar Tannery Industrial complex remains ineffective. The company, operating the plant, admitted that the CETP had failed in treating waste according to projections, because of structural faults from the very beginning. This needs to be rectified.

Additionally, the government must ensure that all polluting industries have properly installed and functioning ETPs. Polluting rivers to maximise profits is intolerable. Rivers and canals are the lifeblood of Bangladesh, and their protection must always be a top priority. Companies come and go, but there is only one Bangladesh and its rivers are its lifeline.

The challenge, however, extends beyond industrial waste. A significant contributor to the pollution of rivers and canals in and around Dhaka is black water contamination, primarily caused by untreated or inadequately treated sewage. This form of pollution, resulting from the direct discharge of human waste into water bodies, poses a serious threat to both public health and the environment.

Without adequate sewage treatment infrastructure, large volumes of harmful bacteria and chemicals enter the water systems, further degrading the quality of these vital resources. While this government's short tenure may not allow for immediate solutions, developing a comprehensive plan to address this issue should be prioritised.

Another problem that surfaces from time to time is the theft in broad daylight of rivers and canals by those with political clout. Many of the rivers and canals have been unlawfully seized, squeezed thin, and factories, homes and other structures built on their banks.

Despite clear directives from the High Court to demolish the illegal structures and evict river encroachers, efforts by the government to free rivers has only had minimal success. Not only are rivers affected, but many canals in cities have also been wiped off the map. Worse still, despite lists of river grabbers and polluters being compiled, the previous government failed to take action. In some cases, the offenders were government bodies themselves, encroaching on river land to construct structures, while others exploited their political connections for similar purposes. Clearly, the rivers cannot be saved if we fail to stop all such illegal activities. The interim government that has no political affiliations whatsoever but a mandate from the people to reform different state of affairs should do whatever necessary to restore the rivers to its original form. There is no difference between land grabbing and corruption. It is still theft and equally abhorrent.

Countries throughout the world are taking every precaution and making special efforts to protect and ensure clean water resources. Bangladesh with its population of 170-million - each individual depending on water - cannot afford to allow its rivers and canals to die because of the greed of the land grabbers. Polluted, silted, and 'strangulated' rivers are pushing us towards an environmental disaster of great magnitude and it must stop. The interim government faces a difficult challenge but if this initiative succeeds - and it must succeed - it will not only restore the ecosystems to how they should be but also instill hope in the people that change is possible even in the face of overwhelming challenges.​

 

[Saif]

High time to save our rivers

BELA's finding on Khulna’s dying rivers serves a warning

www.thedailystar.net

High time to save our rivers
BELA's finding on Khulna’s dying rivers serves a warning

VISUAL: STAR

It is disheartening that our rivers continue to face neglect despite its many consequences for the nation. This apathy is once again reflected in the findings of the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) that more than a fourth of rivers (37 out of 138) in the Khulna division are in dire straits due to encroachment, unplanned infrastructural development, siltation, industrial pollution, and the construction of man-made barriers. BELA also noted that 20 of these rivers are no longer flowing, while one—Hamkura—is on the brink of extinction.

It is not just in Khulna, but all across the country, that hundreds of rivers are dying or have lost their navigability because of greed as well as a lack of foresight by government bodies as reflected in the arbitrary construction of dams, embankments, sluice gates, and polders. A recent report by Prothom Alo highlighted another BELA finding about 35 rivers in the Sylhet division, which too are in distress. Unfortunately, there is no reliable official data on rivers facing such conditions, with figures from different government bodies contradicting each other. For example, as per the Water Development Board, Sylhet has only 36 rivers, but the National River Conservation Commission (NRCC) puts the number at 168. The commission's 2023 publication on the number of rivers in Bangladesh was also riddled with mistakes.

Until now, no government in Bangladesh has shown a genuine interest in freeing rivers from the grip of encroachers, polluters, illegal sand miners, etc. Neither were there any significant efforts to ensure coordination among the different agencies involved, or to conduct proper feasibility studies before building infrastructure that may disrupt river flow. However, since being appointed, the interim government's adviser for environment and water resources has issued several important directives. These include preparing a comprehensive list of rivers within two months and requiring action plans from divisional commissioners to evict 66,000 identified encroachers. She also expressed the government's intent to free at least one river in each division from encroachment and pollution.

Given how entrenched and widespread river encroachment has been, saving our rivers will be a massive and potentially disruptive task, requiring firm and even unpopular measures that may impact businesses and livelihoods. But that is doable for a non-political interim government if there is genuine intent. It is also vital that the NRCC is empowered to hold future governments accountable for any failure to protect our rivers. Public awareness campaigns are also essential to remind people of the importance of saving rivers.​

 

[Saif]

Prosperity through climate resilience

THE term ‘Blue Carbon’ refers to carbon that is absorbed by oceans and coastal ecosystems worldwide. Many of us have likely heard that humans emit atmospheric carbon, and...

www.newagebd.net

Prosperity through climate resilience
by Syed Misbah Uddin Ahmad 28 September, 2024, 00:00

Bangladesh can contribute to the fight against climate change and create new economic opportunities for coastal communities by incorporating blue carbon into the global carbon market, writes Syed Misbah Uddin Ahmad

THE term ‘Blue Carbon’ refers to carbon that is absorbed by oceans and coastal ecosystems worldwide. Many of us have likely heard that humans emit atmospheric carbon, and these gases are negatively altering the global climate. But many of us might not be aware of carbon sequestration — or absorption — by the oceans and coastal ecosystems. Seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marshes along our coast capture and hold carbon, acting as a carbon sink. These coastal systems, though, cover tiny areas of the planet Earth, sequester this carbon at a much faster rate, and can continue to do so for millions of years. Most of the carbon taken up by these ecosystems is stored below ground where we can’t see it, but it exists. When coastal ecosystems are damaged, more carbon is released back into the atmosphere than in non-coastal ecosystems. This, in turn, expedites climate change. Thus, preserving and improving coastal ecosystems is an intelligent strategy to slow global warming.

Bangladesh is a unique low-lying deltaic nation endowed with some of the world’s most valuable blue-carbon ecosystems, including mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. The Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of about 6,017 km2 (2,323 sq. mi) and extends over five southern districts of Bangladesh.

Saltmarshes, or tidal marshes, cover an area of 111,585 ha. The river-estuarine ecosystems of 660,048 ha and the coastal waters of 886,523 ha, down to depths of <5 meters, can be considered as suitable habitats for seagrasses (Hasan et al. 2013). However, an up-to-date survey of the seagrass beds to quantify their extent and distribution is yet to be made in Bangladesh. Despite viable prospects of blue carbon in the country, they remain underestimated, underutilised, undervalued, and increasingly vulnerable to both climate change and anthropogenic destruction.

While Bangladesh is acknowledged worldwide for its climate resilience efforts, the blue carbon ecosystems have not yet received their due importance in national and international carbon offset markets. Mangroves, seagrass beds, and salt marshes sequester carbon at rates much higher than terrestrial forests, and these systems store carbon for thousands of years, mostly underground.

To date, limited efforts have been made to quantify how much carbon is sequestered by these ecosystems, especially the Sundarbans, which means the country is missing out on opportunities to leverage these ecosystems for carbon credits. As international pressure grows for countries to meet their climate targets under the Paris Agreement, including blue carbon in Bangladesh’s climate action plans could unlock significant financial incentives in carbon trading, attracting global investments for ecosystem restoration and protection.

Despite immense potential, Bangladesh’s blue-carbon ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change and human-induced destruction. Rising sea levels, salinity intrusion, and increasing cyclonic activity threaten these coastal habitats, especially the Sundarbans, which act as a buffer for coastal communities.

On the other hand, anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, illegal logging, shrimp culture, and unsustainable development are accelerating the degradation of these ecosystems. When mangroves and other blue carbon systems are destroyed, not only do they lose their ability to capture carbon, but they also release stored carbon back into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming.

One of the biggest challenges in integrating blue carbon into the global carbon market is the lack of proper methodologies for calculating the carbon sequestration potential of these ecosystems. Currently, most of Bangladesh’s blue carbon reserves remain unquantified, limiting the country’s ability to engage in carbon trading or attract climate finance.

The researchers in the field posit that to unlock the carbon offset potential of blue carbon resources, the government of Bangladesh, in collaboration with researchers, needs to address the following:

Comprehensive blue carbon assessment: In the near term, initiate nationwide research projects to accurately measure the carbon sequestration rates of mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass. Remote sensing, on-ground sampling, and soil coring can also be used to assess carbon storage at different layers of sediment. Finally, establish carbon sequestration baselines to determine these ecosystems’ current carbon stock and future sequestration potential.

Development of blue carbon monitoring protocols: In the short term, implement standardised monitoring protocols for blue carbon ecosystems. This will involve satellite-based observation and periodic field assessments to ensure carbon stocks are accurately tracked over time. Bangladesh may collaborate with international bodies like Verra or the Gold Standard to certify these protocols, enabling it to issue carbon credits that can be traded in global markets.

Incorporation of blue carbon into nationally determined contributions: In the long term, the government needs to explicitly integrate blue carbon into Bangladesh’s nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, highlighting these ecosystems as key to climate mitigation and adaptation. The integration agenda is mainly to engage with international donors and investors to attract climate finance dedicated to restoring and protecting blue-carbon ecosystems. Furthermore, capacity Building and Research Investment initiative needs to be undertaken in allocating funds and training native researchers and coastal communities to conduct ongoing research about the ecological value of blue carbon. Carbon pricing and incentives could also be introduced as mechanisms to incentivise businesses and local governments to participate in blue carbon restoration projects. Importantly, by establishing a domestic carbon market, Bangladesh would further attract international investors while promoting sustainable development at home.

Conservation approaches requiring government and public commitment: While scientific research and economic incentives are critical, blue carbon conservation also demands the goodwill of the government and the people of Bangladesh. Protecting these ecosystems from degradation requires strong political will, local cooperation, and community engagement.

Strengthening legal protection: Strong regulation enforcement to prevent illegal activities like deforestation, pollution, and land conversion in mangrove and coastal areas. This could include more penalties for violators and incentives for communities actively engaging in ecosystem protection.

Community-led conservation: The involvement of local communities is crucial to the success of blue carbon conservation. Programs that promote community-based mangrove restoration, sustainable fishing practices, and eco-tourism can provide economic alternatives while ensuring the longevity of these ecosystems.

Public awareness campaigns: Launching nationwide campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of blue carbon and its role in climate change mitigation can foster more excellent public support for conservation efforts. Schools, colleges, universities, media, and NGOs must work formally and informally to educate the public about how protecting coastal ecosystems benefits the environment and the economy.

International collaboration: Bangladesh should continue to engage in international partnerships and platforms dedicated to blue carbon, such as the International Blue Carbon Initiative, to leverage international expertise and funding and stay at the forefront of global conservation efforts.

The prospects of blue carbon resources in Bangladesh are immense, but their potential is yet to be fully realised. Accurate carbon offset calculations, government action, and the support of the Bangladeshi people are all essential in protecting and restoring these ecosystems. By incorporating blue carbon into the global carbon market, Bangladesh can contribute to the fight against climate change and create new economic opportunities for coastal communities. Now is the time for the government, researchers, and citizens to work together to protect the country’s most valuable natural defence — its blue carbon reserves.

Syed Misbah Uddin Ahmad, a retired commodore, is the director general of the Bangladesh Institute of Maritime Research and Development.​

 

[Saif]

We need an environmental research and training institute

Paradoxically, Bangladesh is also regarded by many as a test case of sustainable development.

www.thedailystar.net

We need an environmental research and training institute

VISUAL: ALIZA RAHMAN

Since its independence 53 years ago, Bangladesh has made commendable strides in economic growth and agricultural production. Our country is regarded as a model of disaster management and increasingly as a model of adaptation. However, rising pressure from poverty, though it is declining, and rapid economic growth tend to wreak havoc on limited environmental resources. Moreover, the influx of more than a million Rohingya refugees has added additional economic, social, and environmental pressure on the country.

Paradoxically, Bangladesh is also regarded by many as a test case of sustainable development. It is a country with an area 66 times smaller than the US, and is home to a population that's almost exactly half of the US population. Sandwiched between the Himalayas in the north and the Bay of Bengal in the south, Bangladesh can be considered as ground zero for vulnerability to increasing impacts of climate change. Recurring climate disasters like floods, cyclones, rise in the sea level and salinity, and the entailing degradation of land and biodiversity keep causing huge losses and damages.

Addressing these challenges effectively warrants the need for some solid and sustainable thinking. If we look at past development trajectories, industrial countries travelled the path of the environmental Kuznets curve, where economic growth and rising income were accompanied by increasing pollution. Then, the growing demand for better environmental quality prompted actions to clean the mess. The 1987 Brundtland Commission report titled Our Common Future represents this line of thinking with some modifications, such as less material and energy-intensive growth but with a focus on the needs of the poor.

The second thinking argues that ignoring the environmental soundness of growth, even if this leads to short-term gains, will undermine long-term development and the quality of citizens' lives. This thinking is promoted by the global development agencies. This is particularly true for countries like Bangladesh with a limited natural resource base and facing increasing degradation.

Again, the pathways that the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) have traversed to graduate to the Developing Country status can be synthesised into three trajectories.The first pathway has been rapid economic growth, based mainly on natural resource exploitation. The second one, related to achieving rapid growth, is based on a combination of tourism and natural resources—the path taken mostly by some small island LDCs. The third pathway is characterised by increased investment in the development of human capital, knowledge economy, and structural transformation. This engendered a move away from low-yield agriculture into areas with higher productivity such as the manufacturing and service sectors, leading to more diversified economies.

For Bangladesh, this third pathway can be the game changer in light of its huge potential for demographic dividends through investments in human capital and strengthening the knowledge economy—the foundation of a rising middle-income country. However, Bangladesh is still unable to reap significant benefits owing to the meagre investment in education, research and skill development, compared to other developing countries. Investments from the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund in research, capacity-building and knowledge management were fairly measly compared to allocations for hard infrastructure development.

Naturally, in a country like Bangladesh, where an imbalance exists between the population and the available resources, the importance of a knowledge-based policy management and implementation framework cannot be overemphasised. Therefore, to ensure environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, an area which is still weak and fledgling, evidence-based policy research and analysis must play a greater role, along with building a strong bridge between the government and the research and education sectors.

Here, experiences of environmental research and training in other countries shows that the majority of such think tanks are based in developed countries. Developing countries, therefore, remain weak in ensuring a strong research and skill development infrastructure. Some countries like the Philippines, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and India have a range of environmental think tanks, some of which have been established under government initiatives. However, they are run as semi-government or autonomous organisations.

While we also have such examples in Bangladesh, they are not environment-focused. The Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS) and the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) run as autonomous bodies, with a high-level board of governors. Additionally, there is the Bangladesh Forestry Research Institute (BFRI), which exclusively focuses on silviculture and forest management research. Furthermore, the 13 institutes under the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) have significantly contributed to establishing Bangladesh as a model of agricultural development, with excellent innovations in a number of areas. Meanwhile, the Delta Plan 2100 plans to create research spaces to carry forward its effective implementation.

The above discussion gives us a clear message: a research-led knowledge economy and a rich human capital base through constant training can ensure positive links between environment and development, minimising growth-induced negative impacts. The limited natural resource base in Bangladesh can be compensated through developing a resource-efficient economic system. As a historically resource-constrained economy, the rise of Japan as an economic power since the Meiji revolution is a good example. This kind of smart development warrants mastering of skills and abilities that can connect the dots across the wide spectrum of environment and development.

Thus, establishing an environmental research and training institute as the apex body for policy research, knowledge management and skill development can fill a vital gap in Bangladesh. The proposed entity under a high level independent board must be allowed autonomy, and may be financed either via donor-supported projects or some seed money from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Mizan R Khan is a board member at Scientific Council of COP29 Presidency, visiting scholar at Brown University, and technical lead at LDC Universities Consortium on Climate Change (LUCCC).​

 

[Saif]

$300m WB fund for clean air project

The World Bank will provide $300 million to assist the clean air project in Bangladesh. The initiative has been taken to strengthen air quality management in the country and to reduce the carbon emissions in key sectors. Environment advisor to the interim government Syeda Rizwana Hasan shared the

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

$300m WB fund for clean air project
Environment adviser, World Bank VP meet
FE REPORT
Published :
Sep 30, 2024 00:24
Updated :
Sep 30, 2024 00:24

The World Bank will provide $300 million to assist the clean air project in Bangladesh.

The initiative has been taken to strengthen air quality management in the country and to reduce the carbon emissions in key sectors.

Environment advisor to the interim government Syeda Rizwana Hasan shared the information following a meeting with Martin Raiser, the World Bank's vice president for the South Asia Region, and Abdoulaye Seck, country director for Bangladesh and Bhutan, according to a press statement.

The project will be funded by an IDA credit, along with a potential grant for clean cooking initiatives as part of the National Air Quality Management Plan.

During the meeting, the Environment Adviser also called for the World Bank's assistance in waste management and the restoration of Dhaka's canals to create a "blue network."

She further mentioned the possibility of support for a Loss and Damage Fund, as well as aid in implementing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP).

Rizwana highlighted the government's strong commitment to environmental protection and sustainable development, stressing the importance of integrated approaches to water resource management and climate change mitigation.

World Bank Vice President Martin Raiser commended Bangladesh's efforts to implement progressive environmental policies and affirmed its support in aligning these efforts with global best practices.

Abdoulaye Seck emphasized the importance of international collaboration and strategic investments to achieve long-term sustainability goals.

The Secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, the Additional Secretary of the Environment Ministry, and other officials from both the Ministry and the World Bank were also present at the meeting.

The discussions concluded with both sides committing to deeper cooperation on environmental governance, climate resilience, and water resource management, with a mutual goal of working towards a sustainable future for Bangladesh.​

 

[Saif]

'Blue network' of canals

Syeda Rizwana Hasan, environment, forest and climate as well as water resources adviser of the interim government comes up with her government's plan to create what she calls a 'blue network' with proper use of canals -- both already in existence and to be reclaimed. The adviser might have used the

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

'Blue network' of canals
Published :
Sep 30, 2024 23:08
Updated :
Sep 30, 2024 23:08

Syeda Rizwana Hasan, environment, forest and climate as well as water resources adviser of the interim government comes up with her government's plan to create what she calls a 'blue network' with proper use of canals -- both already in existence and to be reclaimed. The adviser might have used the expression 'blue network' to refer to the creation of an extensive network of pollution-free water carrying canals in the capital city. The purpose is to make the capital city liveable through greening, bio-diversity conservation and wetland preservation. On all those counts, there is no doubt about the intention of the staunch environmental campaigner which she exactly is.

However, a few questions need to be answered before the environmental agendas she underscores to pursue while she stays in her position. Here are two distinct aspects of serious concern. One is liveability and the other is not just preservation of bio-diversity but also improvement of the overall environment of the city. Involved with healthy liveability are a host of issues including infrastructure, transport systems and even civic sense and routine practice by the urban population. Unplanned growth of concrete structures with little green and open space such as playgrounds, parks and lakes excepting a rare few exclusive zones has turned this city into a veritable sprawling slum. After excavation of drains further deeper, the city cannot flush out accumulated rain waters even after a moderate shower. Its transportation system and transports -- black fume-spewing buses, lagunas, trucks, covered vans and pickups -- are one of the worst in the world.

The mayors including the last two have also made tall promises so far as improvement of the city's physical environment is concerned. Reclamation of canals from illegal occupation and revival of their water flows and plantation of trees on their banks formed part of their campaign. Each of them can legitimately claim some credit for accomplishing a few appreciable programmes. The early success in removing the truck stand from Tejgaon, reclamation of a few canals in both north and south city corporations were indeed praiseworthy. But all those fell through because of a lack of a comprehensive plan. Regular monitoring and maintenance are the key to success in case of such public property.

So the concern here now is about the tenure of the interim government. Most likely it will not get the time for execution of the envisaged programmes. First, reclamation of canals is not under the jurisdiction of the environment ministry; second, even if the ministry and department concerned cooperate in reclaiming the water bodies, it is a time-consuming matter. Therefore it would be advisable to undertake a cleaning and excavating programme for the reclaimed canals and other existing water bodies. If the water flows in those can be augmented and maintained, the plan for reclamation of other canals can be devised for the next elected government to take up. Sustainable greening of the canal banks, as well as fallow lands on roadsides of the city proper can be started right now.​

 

[Saif]

Study finds disparities in climate financing

Over 50 percent of the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund, worth Tk 2,095 crore, was allocated to infrastructure development during the tenure of the former Awami League government, a new study has found

www.thedailystar.net

Study finds disparities in climate financing

Representational image. Photo: Freepik

Over 50 percent of the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund, worth Tk 2,095 crore, was allocated to infrastructure development during the tenure of the former Awami League government, a new study has found.

Presented at an event titled "Distributive Justice in Bangladesh's Climate Finance: Challenges and Recommendations for Policy Takeaway," organised by the Centre for Participatory Research and Development (CPRD) and HEKS/EPER, the study revealed significant disparities in climate financing.

The research, conducted across Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, Chapainawabganj, Naogaon, and Kurigram, analysed 790 BCCTF projects from FY 2008-2009 to FY 2022-2023, and 262 National Climate Budget-funded projects. It found a disproportionate allocation of funds, with Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions receiving only 143 BCCTF projects, compared to 281 in the coastal divisions.

The study criticised the focus on infrastructure and disaster-driven vulnerabilities, with less attention to areas suffering from slow-onset climate events, particularly drought. Of the national climate budget projects, only 63 were implemented in the drought-prone Barind areas.

From FY 2009-2010 to FY 2022-2023, more than 50 percent of BCCTF funds were spent on infrastructure, while only 0.89 percent, or Tk 32.24 crore, was allocated to "integrated disaster management."

CPRD Chief Executive Shamsudohha called for reform of the "Climate Change Trust Act - 2010," recommending outcome-focused allocation criteria for BCCTF and the National Climate Budget.

Corinne Henchoz Pignani, Deputy Head of Mission, Embassy of Switzerland, emphasised the importance of localised approaches, stating that "humanity is the most important dimension" in climate finance decisions.​

 

[Saif]

E-waste a growing concern in Khulna

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is rapidly becoming a menace for Khulna city dwellers due to Khulna City Corporation’s lack of facilities to manage this type of waste.

www.thedailystar.net

E-waste a growing concern in Khulna

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is rapidly becoming a menace for Khulna city dwellers due to Khulna City Corporation's lack of facilities to manage this type of waste.

These discarded electronic items, including worn-off TVs, fridges, computers, mobile phones, and cables, among others, often contain non-biodegradable and hazardous components that pose severe environmental and health concerns.

According to KCC data, around 1,200–1,400 tonnes of waste are produced in the city daily. Of this, 800-900 tonnes are collected and dumped at designated sites, while the remaining 400-500 tonnes often end up being abandoned in the open, clogging drains and polluting waterbodies.

Of the total waste produced in the city daily, around 5-8 tonnes are e-waste, including expired batteries from around 25,000 battery-run rickshaws and 42,000 easy-bikes that run in the city.

Experts opined that city authorities must adapt and develop robust, effective systems to manage e-waste and safeguard the environment and public health, as these are bound to proliferate in quantity over time due to technological advancement.

Around 400 small and large shops in the city are engaged in trading scrap materials, including discarded electronic items.

Iqbal Jahid, who has been running such a shop in Sheikhpara area for past 25 years, said they sort and sell all types of electronic scrap, ranging from mobile phones to electric motors.

"No one in this market uses any protective gear for sorting these items,'' he added.

Shirajul Mia, a vendor who buys e-waste from door-to-door in the city and sells those to different scrap shops, said they recycle the collected waste as much as possible.

"Firstly, we separate and clean the valuable components for sale. The rest are sold as scraps and do not fetch much value," he said.

"I burn the cables to remove the copper and throw the rest. I've developed rashes in my hands while doing this work," he added.

Workers in scrap material businesses often face health issues such as rashes and other complications due to the harmful substances they have to encounter.

Professor Dr Abdullah Harun Chowdhury, head of the Department of Environmental Sciences at Khulna University, said e-waste contains various toxic compounds, including lead, cadmium, and mercury, which are harmful to people, animals, and the environment.

"The toxic compounds, like mercury, can pollute the environment and waterbodies in numerous ways, affecting soil and water quality, and consequently the flora and fauna that are dependent on these resources,'' he added.

Dr SM Farid Uz Zaman, former head of psychiatry department of Khulna Medical College Hospital, said the toxic elements found in e-waste can pose risks of devastating health hazards.

"Lead exposure can severely impact the nervous systems of newborns and children, while mercury can damage the brain and adversely impact cognitive functions. The health risks are exacerbated for those handling e-waste without proper protective gear,'' he added.

Contacted, Md Anisur Rahman, chief waste management officer of KCC, said a project on integrated waste management is underway.

"The Tk 52.70 crore project titled 'Integrated Landfill and Resource Recovery Facility-Shalua' is part of the Second City Region Development Project of Local Government Engineering Department and financed by the Asian Development Bank," he said.

"Once implemented, this facility will improve the segregation and management of all types of waste, including e-waste, and incorporate a more systematic approach to waste treatment,'' he added.​