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[๐Ÿ‡ง๐Ÿ‡ฉ] Agriculture in Bangladesh

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[๐Ÿ‡ง๐Ÿ‡ฉ] Agriculture in Bangladesh
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'Investment in agriculture should be given importance in the budget'
24 May 2024, 12:00 am
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Staff Reporter :

The investment in agriculture should be given importance in the budget so that the technologies developed for food security and the transformation of agriculture can reach the village level," Binayak Sen, director general of the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), said at a programme on Thursday.

"Food security not only requires rice but also poultry and fisheries products. Budget support should be given to maintain their production.

For this, the agricultural technologies that have been invented should be prioritised so that they can easily reach the village level," he said at the seminar on a research titled "The Political Economy of Agrarian Futures in Bangladesh."

"If this can be achieved, a significant change will come," he hoped.

To read the rest of the news, please click on the link above.
 

The Agrarian Question in Bangladesh
Is the family farm disappearing?

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If lumpy machinery like tractors, pump sets and combine harvesters offer prospects of higher productivity and returns to land, then how is a small farmer with scattered, fragmented plots supposed to access those opportunities? FILE PHOTO: MOHAMMAD MONIRUZZAMAN

In 1899, Kautsky predicted that the peasantry in Russia would be squeezed out of existence by larger-scale capital and that such rural people would become proletarianised labour as the country industrialised. Lenin and Trotsky adopted this stance and in effect sought to hasten the process, supported by Preobrazhensky, but were thwarted by the post-revolutionary food crisis, thus adopting the New Economic Policy instead, which encouraged markets and kulaks producing higher net marketable surplus under quasi-capitalist conditions. The rise of the kulaks as a political force then encouraged Stalin to lead a process of collectivisation, communes and state-enforced targets for surplus grain to the cities. However, resistance to this direction came from Chayanov, who mobilised statistics to demonstrate a distinctive peasant mode of productionโ€”drudgery-averse production for immediate family consumption, calibrated to the family's life cycle and changing dependency ratio (workers over consumers within the family) so that additional land from the village authorities could be added to the family farm, with its worker members just working harder to feed its larger numbers. Chayanov ended up in jail for arguing that the farmer (i.e. peasant) should not be separated from this family consumption (subsistence) motive by being forced into collectivisation. Sholokhov's novels, such as Virgin Soil Upturned and Harvest on the Don, vividly tell this story of peasant alienation.

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Prioritising agriculture for national benefit
FE
Published :
May 25, 2024 23:02
Updated :
May 25, 2024 23:02

In one of the most densely populated nations on earth, food security naturally is of utmost importance for Bangladeshi policymakers. For many years, national policymaking has been geared towards industrialisation out of the feeling that it would better serve employment generation and help attract a greater volume of foreign direct investment (FDI). There is no denying that such policies have paid off and the country has emerged as a global industrial powerhouse in textiles and apparel. This transformation has largely helped the country cut its poverty rate by half in a matter of three and a half decades. However, alongside industrialization, agriculture has taken giant steps in modernisation and crop diversification despite a declining share of the sector in the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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Smart agriculture practices can increase productivity by 30%: DCCI
Smart practices can fuel farmers' income by 40%, the leading chamber said in a seminar on smart agriculture

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Adoption of smart agriculture practices could potentially increase agricultural productivity by 20-30 percent in Bangladesh, said Ashraf Ahmed, president of the Dhaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DCCI).

Smart agriculture practices also reduce input costs by up to 20 percent and increase farmers' income by 30 to 40 percent, he said today.

The Dhaka chamber president shared the information at a seminar on "Smart agriculture: issues and challenges in value chain development" organised by the DCCI at its office in the capital.

"We see at least 40-45 percent post-harvest loss from the farmers to the consumers," Ahmed said.

To mitigate post-harvest losses, availability of cold chain and smoother transportation systems are necessary, he said.

"Moreover, we should develop a waste management system so that we can recycle the agriculture wastages into other products."

Inefficiencies in the supply chain, market access barriers and limited value addition are few bottlenecks for the development of value chain in Bangladesh's agriculture sector, the leading trade body chief said.

He also emphasised the need for building an updated database to create a smart agriculture environment.

State Minister for Commerce Ahasanul Islam Titu said a need-based locally-tailored farmer-friendly technology is required to implement smart agriculture system in the country.

The state minister said it is equally important to ensure better and logical prices both for the producers and the consumers and for that the presence of a smooth supply chain is a must.

The Logistic Policy-2024 is going to be a game changer for the businessmen, Titu said.

ICT-backed research and innovation will be needed to diversify Bangladesh's export basket, he said.​
 

Agriculture enters a new evolutionary stage with AI
IFTEKHARUL ISLAM
Published :
May 30, 2024 16:03
Updated :
May 30, 2024 16:03

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Representational image

The Indian subcontinent has a rich heritage of more than a millennium as an agrarian society, where nature and daily human lives are closely linked. Today, people face problems like climate change and an imbalanced nature.

Technological development offers a beacon of hope as the challenges of climate change and an imbalanced nature loom. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing how people farm and care for the environment, ushering in a new era of sustainable farming practices. This transformative potential of AI in agriculture is a cause for optimism, promising to address the pressing issues we face today.

AI has recently revolutionized industries, from digital content creation to media editing, increasing creativity and efficiency. Now, its revolutionary impact extends to agriculture, reviving the fight for environmental conservation and agricultural growth.

Markets and Markets predicts that the AI technology sector in agriculture will grow to be worth $11 billion by 2025. This surge is driven by AI's potential to transform farming techniques.

According to the World Economic Forum, AI can reduce irrigation water usage by half and pesticide use by 60%, providing a lifeline to farmers facing resource constraints and pollution.

In India, groundbreaking projects by Google's Partner Innovation and AnthroKrishi teams prove AI's transforming potential in agriculture. Using Google's AI capabilities, these teams have launched initiatives to provide farmers with relevant insights gathered from agricultural data.

At the heart of their efforts is a foundational model called 'landscape understanding,' which uses machine learning algorithms to calculate land boundaries and assess soil conditions.

Equipped with this information, AI systems create customized farming plans, improving irrigation tactics and reducing resource waste.

AI-powered solutions are not just a buzzword but a practical reality in agriculture.

To read the rest of the news, please click on the link above.
 

Insects for agricultural development: A blessing or a curse?
IFTEKHARUL ISLAM
Published :
May 30, 2024 16:22
Updated :
May 30, 2024 16:22

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Representational image

In this current age, the agricultural sector is experiencing a revolution with technology, bioengineering, and even artificial intelligence. Implementing genetic engineering in agriculture has always raised profound questions about the alliance between humanity and the insect kingdom.

Like Ant-Man from Marvel comics, who commands his legion of tiny insects against his opponents, can genetic engineering harness such power over insects to become allies in agricultural development, or will it have a terrible effect in the future?

DARPA, the enigmatic research wing of the United States military, is famous for its daring pursuit of cutting-edge technology. DARPA made an ambitious choice by allocating an astounding $27 million to the Insect Allies project, which aims to kickstart a new era of genetic engineering at the crossroads of insects and agriculture.

This unique attempt seeks to use insects' natural abilities to change vital crops such as maize and tomatoes genetically, paving the path for robust agricultural systems in the face of rising environmental challenges.

At the heart of the research is a new technique for genetic engineering, genetically engineered viral vectors that use insects to transfer specific genes into crops. Unlike traditional testing methods, this unique approach can spread genetic modifications across vast farmlands.

Imagine a world where crops are fortified against the effects of climate change, with insects acting as unintentional agents of agricultural transformation.

Amidst these technological marvels, there are valid concerns and fears. The dual nature of powerful technologies, capable of serving good and evil purposes, comes into play.

While DARPA asserts that the Insect Allies project is solely focused on bolstering national security through agricultural resilience, many critics are alarmed about the potential for unforeseen consequences. Could this seemingly innocuous project morph into a covert bioweapon, posing a threat to global ecosystems and food security?

To read the rest of the news, please click on the link above.
 

Cut in agri subsidy will hurt farmers
Say experts; allocation reduced by Tk 272cr in proposed budget compared to the current one

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Economists say allocation for the agriculture sector in the new budget is inadequate, and it will not only hurt farmers but may also affect food production.

In the 2024-2025 budget placed at parliament by Finance Minister Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali on Thursday, the allocation for farming and food security is Tk 38,259 crore, which accounts for 4.80 percent of the total.

In the 2022-2023 fiscal year, the allocation for farming was 4.97 percent, in the following year, it was 4.71 percent.

In the new budget, the Ministry of Agriculture gets Tk 27,214 crore, up from Tk 25,118 crore in the current fiscal year.

But the subsidy for the agriculture sector in the proposed budget is Tk 17,261 crore, down from Tk 17,533 crore.

Agricultural economist Jahangir Alam said, "Rice production in Bangladesh has grown by just 0.52 percent annually over the last three years, while the population has increased by 1.3 percent.

"When there is not enough investment in the sector, food prices rise. In order to boost grain production, more subsidies for farmers are crucial."

Moreover, fertiliser and oil prices have fallen in the global market, but not in Bangladesh.

"When the Russia-Ukraine war began, fertiliser and oil prices surged. Although the prices fell significantly last year, people in Bangladesh did not benefit from it," he added.

In his speech, Finance Minister Ali said, "Existing incentives to the agriculture sector will be continued since food security is of the highest importance here. We have given the highest priority to the agriculture sector in our budget."

However, many farmers were disappointed by the new budget.

To read the rest of the news, please click on the link above.
 

Food and agriculture
Bangladesh sees record food grains production

Iftekhar MahmudDhaka
Published: 12 Jun 2024, 17: 36

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Nazma Begum, keeping her toddler son Zarif on a side, along with another woman lays paddy to dry on a terrace. She will earn Tk 300 as her daily wage from this labour. Photo taken from Madla area in Shajahanpur upazila of Bogura on 3 March 2024.Soyel Rana

Bangladesh witnessed production of a record 64.3 million tonnes of food grains, including rice, maize and wheat, in 2023. The food production is estimated to rise further between last April and this June despite various natural calamities.

The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) revealed this data in a report released from its headquarters in Rome, Italy on 5 June.

The report also highlighted a crisis in food in the country and a drop in the import of required amounts of food. Overall, the number of people experiencing food insecurity rose by 900,000.

According to the FAO report, of the 64.3 million tonnes of food grain production, rice was 58.6 million tonnes, maize 4.7 million tonnes and wheat was 101 million tonnes. Food grain production increased to 63.13 million tonnes in the 2022-23 marketing year from 60.92 million tonnes in 2018.

The report said, "Localised crop losses were caused by pockets of dryness and heatwaves in April in parts of the country, while hail, strong winds and localised flash floods, brought by the passage of Cyclone Remal, affected crops, particularly in Khulna Division.

"Harvesting of the 2024 boro paddy crop, which is mostly irrigated and accounts for about 55 per cent of the annual output, finalised at the end of May and production prospects are favourable," it read.

Planting of the 2024 aman paddy crop, accounting for about 35 per cent of the annual output, started in late May. Planting of the 2024 aus paddy crop, accounting for about 10 per cent of the annual output is ongoing, supported by favourable soil moisture conditions and harvesting will start in late June 2024.

Harvesting of the 2024 winter maize crop, accounting for about 85 per cent of the annual output, finalised in April and production is estimated at a record level, mostly reflecting large sowings driven by high prices at planting time. Favourable weather conditions and the widespread use of high-yielding seed varieties resulted in above-average yields, the FAO predicted.

The 2024 summer maize crop, accounting for about 15 per cent of the annual output, is currently at flowering and grain-filling stages, and crop conditions are generally favourable. Production of the 2024 wheat crop, harvested in April, is estimated at an average level of 1.1 million tonnes, according to the FAO report.

State of food grains import

Imports of food grains consist mostly of wheat plus some minor quantities of rice and maize. According to the FAO report, Bangladesh set a target to import 7.1 million tonnes of food grains in the 2023-24 marketing year, and that was below the average level for the second consecutive year.

"This is mainly due to the country's low import capacity, caused by dwindling foreign currency reserves and the significant depreciation of the taka from May 2022 to July 2023," the FAO said.

Yet, the food ministry set a target to import 400,000 tonnes of rice in calendar 2024.

Food secretary Md Ismail Hossain told Prothom Alo said that prices of rice and wheat have increased slightly, but farmers are getting fair prices from this additional price, resulting in a rise in production. Besides, no crisis of rice arose in the country despite the low imports.

However, the record food grains harvests in 2022, 2023 and half of 2024 have improved food availability in the country.

To read the rest of the news, please click on the link above.
 

เฆ•เฆฎ เฆซเฆฒเฆจเง‡ เฆนเฆคเฆพเฆถ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเงŸเง‡เฆฐ เฆ†เฆ—เฆพเฆฎ เฆœเฆพเฆคเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆšเฆพเฆทเฆฟเฆฐเฆพ
เฆฌเฆพเฆฐเง‹ เฆญเง‚เฆเฆ‡เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆถเฆพเฆธเฆจเฆพเฆฎเฆฒเง‡ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆฌเฆพเฆฃเฆฟเฆœเงเฆฏเง‡เฆฐ เฆœเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ–เงเฆฌเฆ‡ เฆฌเฆฟเฆ–เงเฆฏเฆพเฆค เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆชเฆฐเงเฆคเงเฆ—เฆฟเฆœเฆฐเฆพ เฆชเงเฆฐเฆฅเฆฎ เฆ เฆ…เฆžเงเฆšเฆฒเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆšเฆพเฆฐเฆพ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเง‡เฆจ, เฆคเฆ–เฆจ เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡เฆ‡ เฆเฆ–เฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆšเฆพเฆท เฆนเงŸเฅค

View attachment 5912
เฆธเงเฆŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆซเฆพเฆ‡เฆฒ เฆ›เฆฌเฆฟ

เฆ†เฆ—เฆพเฆฎ เฆœเฆพเฆคเง‡เฆฐ เฆนเฆ“เงŸเฆพเงŸ เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆพเงŸเฆฃเฆ—เฆžเงเฆœเง‡เฆฐ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพเฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆ—เงเฆฒเง‹เฆคเง‡ เฆคเงเฆฒเฆจเฆพเฆฎเง‚เฆฒเฆ• เฆฆเงเฆฐเงเฆค เฆซเฆฒ เฆ†เฆธเง‡เฅค เฆคเฆฌเง‡ เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆŸเฆพเฆจเฆพ เฆคเฆพเฆชเฆฆเฆพเฆน เฆ“ เฆถเฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆ‰เงŽเฆชเฆพเฆฆเฆจ เฆ•เฆฎ เฆนเงŸเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฅค เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ•เฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆ†เฆถเฆ™เงเฆ•เฆพ, เฆเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆ†เฆถเฆพเฆจเงเฆฐเง‚เฆช เฆฎเงเฆจเฆพเฆซเฆพเฆฐ เฆฆเง‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆชเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆฏเฆพเฆฌเง‡ เฆจเฆพเฅค

เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ• เฆ“ เฆ•เงƒเฆทเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพเฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆธเฆ™เงเฆ—เง‡ เฆ•เฆฅเฆพ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆพ เฆฏเฆพเงŸ, เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆพเงŸเฆฃเฆ—เฆžเงเฆœเง‡เฆฐ เฆฎเฆพเฆŸเฆฟ เฆ“ เฆ†เฆฌเฆนเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆšเฆพเฆทเง‡เฆฐ เฆ‰เฆชเฆฏเง‹เฆ—เง€เฅค เฆฏเฆฆเฆฟเฆ“, เฆ•เง‡เฆฌเฆฒ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพเฆคเง‡เฆ‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆšเฆพเฆท เฆนเงŸเฅค เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพเฆฐ เงงเงจเฆŸเฆฟ เฆ—เงเฆฐเฆพเฆฎเง‡เฆฐ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆคเฆค เงงเงฆเงญ เฆนเง‡เฆ•เงเฆŸเฆฐ เฆœเฆฎเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เงญเงฎเงฆเฆŸเฆฟ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆฌเฆพเฆฃเฆฟเฆœเงเฆฏเฆฟเฆ• เฆšเฆพเฆท เฆ•เฆฐเฆพ เฆนเงŸเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฅค เฆธเฆพเฆงเฆพเฆฐเฆฃเฆค เฆ•เฆฆเฆฎเฆฟ, เฆชเฆพเฆคเฆฟ เฆ“ เฆšเฆพเงŸเฆจเฆพ-เงฉ; เฆเฆ‡ เฆคเฆฟเฆจ เฆœเฆพเฆคเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ—เฆพเฆ› เฆ†เฆ›เง‡ เฆเฆธเฆฌ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฅค

เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพ เฆ•เงƒเฆทเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพ เฆ†เฆซเฆฐเง‹เฆœเฆพ เฆ‡เฆธเฆฒเฆพเฆฎ เฆฆเงเฆฏ เฆกเง‡เฆ‡เฆฒเฆฟ เฆธเงเฆŸเฆพเฆฐเฆ•เง‡ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, เฆ—เฆคเฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆ—เงเฆฒเง‹เฆคเง‡ เงญเงฆเงฆ เฆฎเง‡เฆŸเงเฆฐเฆฟเฆ• เฆŸเฆจ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ‰เงŽเฆชเฆพเฆฆเฆจ เฆนเงŸเง‡เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆธเฆ‚เฆ–เงเฆฏเฆพ เฆฌเฆพเงœเฆพเงŸ เฆ‰เงŽเฆชเฆพเฆฆเฆจ เฆฌเง‡เฆถเฆฟ เฆนเฆฌเง‡ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡ เฆ†เฆถเฆพ เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆ•เฆฟเฆจเงเฆคเง เฆ…เฆคเงเฆฏเฆงเฆฟเฆ• เฆ—เฆฐเฆฎ เฆ“ เฆถเฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟเฆฐ เฆ•เฆพเฆฐเฆฃเง‡ เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐเฆ“ เงญเงฆเงฆ เฆฎเง‡เฆŸเงเฆฐเฆฟเฆ• เฆŸเฆจ เฆ‰เงŽเฆชเฆพเฆฆเฆจ เฆนเฆคเง‡ เฆชเฆพเฆฐเง‡เฅค

เฆ—เฆค เฆฎเฆ™เงเฆ—เฆฒเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเฆ“เงŸเง‡เฆฐ เฆเฆคเฆฟเฆนเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆพเฆนเง€ เฆชเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆฎ เฆจเฆ—เฆฐ, เฆšเฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฐเฆฌเฆพเฆ—, เฆ‰เฆคเงเฆคเฆฐ เฆทเง‹เฆฒเฆชเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆ—เงเฆฐเฆพเฆฎเง‡ เฆ˜เงเฆฐเง‡ เฆฐเฆพเฆธเงเฆคเฆพเฆฐ เฆฆเงเฆ‡เฆชเฆพเฆถเง‡ เฆธเฆพเฆฐเฆฟ เฆธเฆพเฆฐเฆฟ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฆเง‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆฏเฆพเงŸเฅค เฆ…เฆงเฆฟเฆ•เฆพเฆ‚เฆถ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ• เฆฎเงŒเฆธเงเฆฎเฆฟ เฆฌเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆธเฆพเงŸเง€เฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆ•เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆ†เฆ—เฆพเฆฎ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆ‡เฆœเฆพเฆฐเฆพ เฆฆเง‡เฆจเฅค เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆซเงเฆฒ เฆ†เฆธเฆพ เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡ เฆซเฆฒเง‡เฆฐ เฆชเฆฐเฆฟเฆšเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพ เฆ“ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเฆœเฆพเฆค เฆ•เฆฐเฆพ เฆชเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆจเงเฆค เฆธเฆฌเฆ•เฆฟเฆ›เงเฆ‡ เฆ•เฆฐเง‡เฆจ เฆฌเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆธเฆพเงŸเง€เฆฐเฆพเฅค

เฆฎเงŒเฆธเงเฆฎเฆฟ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆธเฆพเงŸเง€ เฆฐเฆจเฆฟ เฆ†เฆนเฆฎเง‡เฆฆ เฆเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เงฉเงฆ เฆถเฆคเฆพเฆ‚เฆถ เฆ†เงŸเฆคเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆเฆ•เฆŸเฆฟ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆฐ เงฎเงซ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆŸเฆพเฆ•เฆพเงŸ เฆ‡เฆœเฆพเฆฐเฆพ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฆจเฅค เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡เฆฐ เฆชเฆฐเฆฟเฆšเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพ เฆ“ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆฏเฆพเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ•เฆพเฆœเง‡ เฆฌเฆฟเฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‹เฆ— เฆ•เฆฐเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฆจ เฆ†เฆฐเฆ“ เงจเงซ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆŸเฆพเฆ•เฆพเฅค เฆคเฆฌเง‡, เฆญเฆพเฆฒเง‹ เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆจเฆพ เฆนเฆ“เงŸเฆพเงŸ เฆนเฆคเฆพเฆถ เฆฐเฆจเฆฟเฅค

'เฆ†เฆฎเฆฟ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆคเฆค เงฉเงฆ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆ†เฆถเฆพ เฆ•เฆฐเฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฎเฅค เฆ—เฆค เฆฆเงเฆ‡ เฆฆเฆฟเฆจเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเง‡เงŸเง‡เฆ›เฆฟ เฆฎเฆพเฆคเงเฆฐ เงจเงฆ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเฅค เฆ…เฆฅเฆš เฆฆเงเฆ‡ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆ†เฆ—เง‡เฆ“ เฆเฆ‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡ เงฉเงฌ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเง‡เงŸเง‡เฆ›เฆฟเฅค เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆธเฆฎเงŸเฆฎเฆคเง‹ เฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟ เฆนเงŸ เฆจเฆพเฆ‡, เฆธเง‡เฆ‡ เฆธเฆ™เงเฆ—เง‡ เฆญเง€เฆทเฆฃ เฆ—เฆฐเฆฎ เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆเฆœเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ เฆฟเฆ•เฆฎเฆคเง‹ เฆฌเงœ เฆนเงŸเฆจเฆฟเฅค เฆถเง‡เฆทเง‡ เฆถเฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆ…เฆจเง‡เฆ• เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆจเฆทเงเฆŸ เฆนเงŸเง‡ เฆ—เง‡เฆ›เง‡', เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ เฆคเฆฟเฆจเฆฟเฅค

เฆ—เฆพเฆ› เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเง‡เงœเง‡ เฆ•เงเฆฎเฆฟเฆฒเงเฆฒเฆพเฆฐ เฆฆเฆพเฆ‰เฆฆเฆ•เฆพเฆจเงเฆฆเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆเฆ•เฆŸเฆฟ เฆ†เงœเฆคเง‡ เฆฌเฆฟเฆ•เงเฆฐเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเฆพเฆฐ เฆธเฆฟเฆฆเงเฆงเฆพเฆจเงเฆค เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฆจ เฆฐเฆจเฆฟเฅค เฆคเฆฟเฆจเฆฟ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, 'เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆญเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆ“ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆฏเฆพเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ–เฆฐเฆš เฆฌเฆพเฆฆ เฆฆเฆฟเฆฒเง‡ เฆนเฆพเฆคเง‡ เฆ•เฆฟเฆ›เง เฆŸเฆพเฆ•เฆพ เฆฅเฆพเฆ•เฆฌเง‡เฅค เฆ•เฆฟเฆจเงเฆคเง เฆชเงเฆฐเง‹ เฆฎเงŒเฆธเงเฆฎเง‡ เฆฏเง‡ เฆชเฆฐเฆฟเฆถเงเฆฐเฆฎ เฆ•เฆฐเฆ›เฆฟ เฆเฆฐ เฆคเงเฆฒเฆจเฆพเงŸ เฆเฆŸเฆพ เฆ•เฆฟเฆ›เง เฆจเฆพเฅค'

เฆชเงเฆฐเฆพเงŸ เฆเฆ•เฆ‡ เฆ…เฆญเฆฟเฆœเงเฆžเฆคเฆพเฆฐ เฆ•เฆฅเฆพ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆจ เฆ เฆ…เฆžเงเฆšเฆฒเง‡เฆฐ เฆฌเงœ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ•เฆฐเฆพเฅค

เฆ‰เฆคเงเฆคเฆฐ เฆทเง‹เฆฒเฆชเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆ—เงเฆฐเฆพเฆฎเง‡ เงจเงญเงฆ เฆถเฆคเฆพเฆ‚เฆถเง‡เฆฐเฆ“ เฆฌเง‡เฆถเฆฟ เฆœเฆฎเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆเฆ•เฆŸเฆฟ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆ•เฆฐเฆพ เฆนเงŸเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฅค เฆ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ—เฆพเฆ› เฆ†เฆ›เง‡ เงฎเงฌเฆŸเฆฟเฅค เฆฎเฆ™เงเฆ—เฆฒเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆฆเงเฆชเงเฆฐเง‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆŸเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆ•เงŸเง‡เฆ•เฆœเฆจเฆ•เง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเง‡เงœเง‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆฏเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆชเงเฆฐเฆธเงเฆคเงเฆคเฆฟ เฆจเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆฆเง‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆฏเฆพเงŸเฅค

เฆเฆ‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆฆเง‡เฆ–เฆพเฆถเง‹เฆจเฆพ เฆ•เฆฐเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฆจ เงซเงฏ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆฌเงŸเฆธเง€ เฆฌเง‡เฆจเง เฆฎเง‹เฆฒเงเฆฒเฆพเฅค เฆฆเง€เฆฐเงเฆ˜ เงฉเงซ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆฌเฆฟเฆญเฆฟเฆจเงเฆจ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆ•เฆพเฆœ เฆ•เฆฐเฆพ เฆเฆ‡ เฆชเงเฆฐเฆฌเง€เฆฃ เฆฆเงเฆฏ เฆกเง‡เฆ‡เฆฒเฆฟ เฆธเงเฆŸเฆพเฆฐเฆ•เง‡ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, เฆฎเฆพเฆ˜ เฆฎเฆพเฆธเง‡เฆฐ เฆถเง‡เฆท เฆฆเฆฟเฆ•เง‡ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเงŸเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆซเงเฆฒ เฆฆเง‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆฏเฆพเงŸเฅค เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆถเงเฆฐเง เฆนเงŸ เฆฌเงˆเฆถเฆพเฆ–เง‡เฆฐ เฆฎเฆพเฆเฆพเฆฎเฆพเฆเฆฟ เฆธเฆฎเงŸเง‡เฅค เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆญเฆพเฆฒเง‹ เฆนเฆ“เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆœเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆชเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพเฆชเงเฆค เฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟ เฆ“ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆ•เง‚เฆฒ เฆ†เฆฌเฆนเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆœเฆฐเงเฆฐเฆฟเฅค

เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆŸเฆฟ เฆญเฆพเงœเฆพเงŸ เฆจเง‡เฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆฎเง‹. เฆนเฆพเฆจเฆฟเฆซ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, 'เฆเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆญเฆพเฆฒเง‹ เฆซเงเฆฒ เฆ†เฆธเฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆเฆ‡เฆŸเฆพ เฆฆเง‡เฆ‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆเฆ•เฆŸเฆฟ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฒเฆฟเฆœ เฆจเฆฟเฆฒเง‡เฆ“ เฆเฆฌเฆพเฆฐ เฆคเฆฟเฆจเฆŸเฆพ เฆจเฆฟเฆ›เฆฟเฅค เฆ•เฆฟเฆจเงเฆคเง เฆเฆ–เฆจ เฆชเงœเฆ›เฆฟ เฆฎเงเฆถเฆ•เฆฟเฆฒเง‡เฅค เฆฐเฆ‡เฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆคเฆพเฆชเง‡ เฆ•เง‹เฆจเง‹ เฆธเฆฎเฆธเงเฆฏเฆพ เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒ เฆจเฆพ, เฆฏเฆฆเฆฟ เฆธเฆฎเงŸเฆฎเฆคเง‹ เฆฌเงƒเฆทเงเฆŸเฆฟ เฆนเฆ‡เฆคเง‹เฅค เฆฏเง‡เฆ‡ เฆ†เฆถเฆพเงŸ เฆคเฆฟเฆจเฆŸเฆพ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฒเฆฟเฆœ เฆจเฆฟเฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฆพเฆฎ เฆธเง‡เฆ‡ เฆ†เฆถเฆพ เฆชเง‚เฆฐเฆฃ เฆนเฆ‡เฆฌเง‹ เฆจเฆพเฅค เฆ•เฆพเฆฐเฆฃ เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆ•เฆฎเฅค'

เฆ†เฆถเฆพเฆจเงเฆฐเง‚เฆช เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆจเฆพ เฆนเฆฒเง‡เฆ“ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเฆœเฆพเฆค เฆ•เฆฐเฆคเง‡ เฆ•เง‹เฆจเง‹ เฆเฆพเฆฎเง‡เฆฒเฆพ เฆชเง‹เฆนเฆพเฆคเง‡ เฆนเงŸ เฆจเฆพ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆจ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ• เฆ“ เฆฎเงŒเฆธเงเฆฎเฆฟ เฆฌเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆธเฆพเงŸเง€เฆฐเฆพเฅค เฆฌเง‡เฆถเฆฟเฆฐเฆญเฆพเฆ— เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพเฆฐ เฆฎเง‹เฆ—เฆฐเฆพเฆชเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆซเฆฒเง‡เฆฐ เฆ†เงœเฆคเง‡ เฆฌเฆฟเฆ•เงเฆฐเฆฟ เฆนเงŸเฅค เฆธเง‡เฆ–เฆพเฆจ เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡ เฆฐเฆพเฆœเฆงเฆพเฆจเง€ เฆ“ เฆ†เฆถเง‡เฆชเฆพเฆถเง‡เฆฐ เฆเฆฒเฆพเฆ•เฆพเฆฐ เฆซเฆฒเง‡เฆฐ เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆชเง‡เง—เฆเฆ›เง‡ เฆฏเฆพเงŸ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฅค เฆชเงเฆฐเฆคเฆฟ เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆคเฆฟเฆจ-เฆชเฆพเฆเฆš เฆนเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐ เฆŸเฆพเฆ•เฆพเงŸ เฆฌเฆฟเฆ•เงเฆฐเฆฟ เฆนเฆšเงเฆ›เง‡ เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐเฅค เฆคเฆฌเง‡ เฆšเฆพเงŸเฆจเฆพ-เงฉ เฆœเฆพเฆคเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆฆเฆพเฆฎ เฆคเงเฆฒเฆจเฆพเฆฎเง‚เฆฒเฆ• เฆฌเง‡เฆถเฆฟเฅค

เฆเฆ›เฆพเงœเฆพ, เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆฒเง‹เฆ• เฆ“ เฆ•เฆพเฆฐเงเฆถเฆฟเฆฒเงเฆช เฆœเฆพเฆฆเงเฆ˜เฆฐ เฆเฆฌเฆ‚ เฆชเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆฎ เฆจเฆ—เฆฐเง‡ เฆฌเง‡เงœเฆพเฆคเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเฆพ เฆฆเฆฐเงเฆถเฆจเฆพเฆฐเงเฆฅเง€เฆฐเฆพเฆ“ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆ•เฆฟเฆจเง‡ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆฏเฆพเฆจ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆจ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ•เฆฐเฆพเฅค

เฆ•เงƒเฆทเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพ เฆ†เฆซเฆฐเง‹เฆœเฆพ เฆฆเงเฆฏ เฆกเง‡เฆ‡เฆฒเฆฟ เฆธเงเฆŸเฆพเฆฐเฆ•เง‡ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, เฆฌเฆพเฆฐเง‹ เฆญเง‚เฆเฆ‡เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆถเฆพเฆธเฆจเฆพเฆฎเฆฒเง‡ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆ เฆฌเฆพเฆฃเฆฟเฆœเงเฆฏเง‡เฆฐ เฆœเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ–เงเฆฌเฆ‡ เฆฌเฆฟเฆ–เงเฆฏเฆพเฆค เฆ›เฆฟเฆฒเฅค เฆชเฆฐเงเฆคเงเฆ—เฆฟเฆœเฆฐเฆพ เฆชเงเฆฐเฆฅเฆฎ เฆ เฆ…เฆžเงเฆšเฆฒเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆšเฆพเฆฐเฆพ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเง‡เฆจ, เฆคเฆ–เฆจ เฆฅเง‡เฆ•เง‡เฆ‡ เฆเฆ–เฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆšเฆพเฆท เฆนเงŸเฅค เฆคเฆฌเง‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆฃเฆฟเฆœเงเฆฏเฆฟเฆ• เฆšเฆพเฆท เฆ—เฆค เฆ•เงŸเง‡เฆ•เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆงเฆฐเง‡ เฆฌเง‡เงœเง‡เฆ›เง‡เฅค

'เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเงŸเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฆเง‡เฆถเง‡เฆฐ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆฏเฆพเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ…เฆžเงเฆšเฆฒเง‡เฆฐ เฆคเงเฆฒเฆจเฆพเงŸ เฆ…เฆจเงเฆคเฆค เฆเฆ•เฆฎเฆพเฆธ เฆ†เฆ—เง‡ เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเง‡เฅค เฆฆเฆฟเฆจเฆพเฆœเฆชเงเฆฐเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเง‡ เฆ†เฆฐเฆ“ เฆ•เฆฟเฆ›เงเฆฆเฆฟเฆจ เฆชเฆฐเฅค เฆเฆธเฆฌ เฆ•เฆพเฆฐเฆฃเง‡ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเงŸเง‡เฆฐ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเงเฆฐ เฆ•เฆฆเฆฐ เฆฌเง‡เฆถเฆฟเฅค เฆฌเฆฐเงเฆคเฆฎเฆพเฆจเง‡ เฆฐเฆพเฆœเฆงเฆพเฆจเง€เฆฐ เฆ•เฆพเฆ“เฆฐเฆพเฆจเฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเฆธเฆน เฆฌเฆฟเฆญเฆฟเฆจเงเฆจ เฆเฆฒเฆพเฆ•เฆพเฆฐ เฆฌเฆพเฆœเฆพเฆฐเง‡ เฆฏเง‡เฆธเฆฌ เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆฏเฆพเฆšเงเฆ›เง‡ เฆเฆฐ เงฏเงฆ เฆถเฆคเฆพเฆ‚เฆถเฆ‡ เฆธเง‹เฆจเฆพเฆฐเฆ—เฆพเฆเงŸเง‡ เฆ‰เงŽเฆชเฆพเฆฆเฆฟเฆคเฅค'

เฆเฆฆเฆฟเฆ•เง‡, เฆ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆ•เฆฎ เฆนเฆ“เงŸเฆพเฆฐ เฆชเง‡เฆ›เฆจเง‡ เฆ†เฆฐเฆ“ เฆเฆ•เฆŸเฆฟ เฆ•เฆพเฆฐเฆฃเง‡เฆฐ เฆ•เฆฅเฆพ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆพเฆฒเง‡เฆจ เฆ เฆ•เงƒเฆทเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพเฅค

เฆคเฆฟเฆจเฆฟ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, 'เฆเฆ‡ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพเงŸ เฆ…เฆจเง‡เฆ• เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ• เฆ†เฆ›เง‡เฆจ เฆฏเฆพเฆฐเฆพ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆญเฆพเงœเฆพ เฆฆเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆฆเง‡เฆจเฅค เฆญเฆพเงœเฆพเฆŸเง‡ เฆšเฆพเฆทเฆฟเฆฐเฆพ เฆ…เฆจเง‡เฆ• เฆธเฆฎเงŸ เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡เฆฐ เฆธเฆ เฆฟเฆ• เฆชเฆฐเฆฟเฆšเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพ เฆ•เฆฐเง‡เฆจ เฆจเฆพเฅค เฆเฆฎเฆจเฆ•เฆฟ เฆ•เงƒเฆทเฆฟ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพเฆฆเง‡เฆฐเฆ“ เฆชเฆฐเฆพเฆฎเฆฐเงเฆถ เฆจเฆฟเฆคเง‡ เฆ†เฆธเง‡เฆจ เฆจเฆพเฅค เฆคเง€เฆฌเงเฆฐ เฆคเฆพเฆชเฆฆเฆพเฆนเง‡ เฆจเฆฟเงŸเฆฎเฆฟเฆค เฆชเฆพเฆจเฆฟ เฆฌเงเฆฏเฆฌเฆนเฆพเฆฐ เฆ“ เฆธเง‡เฆšเง‡เฆฐ เฆชเงเฆฐเงŸเง‹เฆœเฆจ เฆ†เฆ›เง‡เฅค เฆคเฆพเฆ›เฆพเงœเฆพ, เฆฒเฆฟเฆšเง เฆชเฆพเงœเฆพเฆฐ เฆชเฆฐเฆ“ เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจเง‡เฆฐ เฆชเฆฐเฆฟเฆšเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพ เฆ•เฆฐเฆคเง‡ เฆนเงŸ, เฆจเฆ‡เฆฒเง‡ เฆชเฆฐเง‡เฆฐ เฆฌเฆ›เฆฐ เฆญเฆพเฆฒเง‹ เฆซเฆฒเฆจ เฆชเฆพเฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆฏเฆพเงŸ เฆจเฆพเฅค เฆเฆ•เงเฆทเง‡เฆคเงเฆฐเง‡ เฆ…เฆจเง‡เฆ•เง‡เฆ‡ เฆ‰เฆฆเฆพเฆธเง€เฆจเฅค'

เฆคเฆฌเง‡, เฆจเฆฟเฆœเง‡เฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆธเง€เฆฎเฆพเฆฌเฆฆเงเฆงเฆคเฆพเฆฐ เฆ•เฆฅเฆพ เฆœเฆพเฆจเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆ†เฆซเฆฐเง‹เฆœเฆพ เฆฌเฆฒเง‡เฆจ, 'เฆฌเฆพเฆ—เฆพเฆจ เฆฎเฆพเฆฒเฆฟเฆ• เฆ“ เฆšเฆพเฆทเฆฟเฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆ†เฆฎเฆฐเฆพ เฆธเฆฌเฆธเฆฎเงŸ เฆชเฆฐเฆพเฆฎเฆฐเงเฆถ เฆฆเฆฟเงŸเง‡ เฆธเฆนเฆฏเง‹เฆ—เฆฟเฆคเฆพ เฆ•เฆฐเฆฟเฅค เฆ—เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆ•เง€เฆŸเฆจเฆพเฆถเฆ• เฆ›เฆฟเฆŸเฆพเฆจเง‹เฆฐ เฆฎเง‡เฆถเฆฟเฆจเฆ“ เฆฆเง‡เฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆนเงŸเฅค เฆ•เฆฟเฆจเงเฆคเง เฆ†เฆฎเฆพเฆฆเง‡เฆฐ เฆ•เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆชเฆฐเงเฆฏเฆพเฆชเงเฆค เฆฎเง‡เฆถเฆฟเฆจ เฆจเง‡เฆ‡เฅค เฆเฆœเฆจเงเฆฏ เฆ‰เฆชเฆœเง‡เฆฒเฆพ เฆจเฆฟเฆฐเงเฆฌเฆพเฆนเง€ เฆ•เฆฐเงเฆฎเฆ•เฆฐเงเฆคเฆพเฆฐ เฆ•เฆพเฆ›เง‡ เฆšเฆพเฆนเฆฟเฆฆเฆพเฆชเฆคเงเฆฐ เฆฆเง‡เฆ“เงŸเฆพ เฆ†เฆ›เง‡เฅค'​

I will add English transliteration so non-Bengali speakers can understand the content.

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Early variety litchi farmers in Sonargaon are disappointed with low yield

During the reign of Baro Bhuiyan, Sonargaon was very famous for trade. The Portuguese first brought litchi seedlings to the region, and since then litchi has been cultivated here.

As it is an early variety, litchi gardens of Sonargaon upazila of Narayanganj bears fruit relatively quickly. But this year litchi production has decreased due to continuous heat and hail. Garden owners are afraid, this time they will not see the expected profit.

Talking to garden owners and agricultural officials, it is known that Narayanganj's soil and climate are suitable for litchi cultivation. However, litchi is cultivated only in Sonargaon upazila. This year litchi has been cultivated commercially in 780 gardens on at least 107 hectares of land in 12 villages of the upazila. Usually Kadami, Pati and China-3; There are three types of litchi trees in these gardens.

Sonargaon Upazila Agriculture Officer Afroza Islam told The Daily Star that 700 metric tons of litchi were produced in the gardens last year. This year the production was expected to increase by increasing the number of gardens. But due to excessive heat and hailstorm this year too 700 MT production may be reduced.

Last Tuesday, visiting traditional Panam Nagar, Chilarbagh, North Sholpara village of Sonargaon, rows of litchi gardens can be seen on both sides of the road. Most orchard owners lease orchards in advance to seasonal traders. The traders do everything from flowering the trees to tending the fruit and marketing the litchi.

Roni Ahmed, a seasonal litchi trader, has leased a 30 percent area for Tk 85,000. He invested another 25 thousand rupees in tree care and other works. However, Ronnie is disappointed because of the poor yield.

'I was expecting at least 30,000 litchis. I got only 20 thousand litchi in last two days. But two years ago, I got 36 thousand litchi from this garden. This year it didn't rain on time and it was very hot. That's why litchi did not grow properly. At the end, many litchis have been destroyed by the hailstorm', he said.

Rony has decided to sell litchis to a farm in Daudkandi, Comilla. He said, 'If garden rent and other expenses are excluded, there will be some money in hand. But it's nothing compared to the hard work I've been doing all season.'

Almost the same experience was reported by the owners of large gardens in the region.

A litchi garden has been planted on more than 270 percent of the land in North Sholpara village. There are 86 litchi trees in this garden. On Tuesday afternoon, some people could be seen in the garden preparing to take litchis to the market.

This garden is looked after by 59 year old Benu Molla. This veteran, who has worked in various litchi gardens for 35 years, told The Daily Star that flowers are seen on the litchi trees of Sonargaon at the end of the month of Magh. Lychee harvest begins in the middle of Baisakh. Sufficient rainfall and favorable weather conditions are essential for good yield of litchi.

The garden was rented. Hanif said, 'This time the tree was getting good flowers. Seeing this, I took one garden lease last time, but this time I took three. But now I am reading with difficulty. Raid had no problem with the heat, if it rained in time. The hope with which I had leased three gardens will not be fulfilled. Because the yield is low.'

Garden owners and seasonal traders said that even if the yield is not as expected, there is no problem in marketing litchi. Most of the litchi are sold as fruit in the Mograpara market of the upazila. From there, litchi reaches the fruit markets of the capital and surrounding areas. Every 1000 litchi is being sold for 3-5 thousand rupees this year. However, the price of China-3 type litchi is relatively high.

Apart from this, visitors to Sonargaon Folk and Crafts Museum and Panam Nagar also buy litchis, the garden owners said.

Agriculture officer Afroza told The Daily Star that Sonargaon was very famous for trade during Baro Bhuiyan's rule. The Portuguese first brought litchi seedlings to the region, and since then litchi has been cultivated here. However, commercial cultivation has increased over the past few years.

'Sonargaon's litchi comes to the market at least a month earlier than other parts of the country. Litchi of Dinajpur comes to the market after a few days. Sonargaon litchi is highly valued for these reasons. At present, 90 percent of the litchis that are available in the markets of Kawran Bazar and other areas of the capital are produced in Sonargaon.

Meanwhile, the agricultural officer said another reason behind the low yield this year.

He said, 'There are many garden owners in this upazila who rent gardens. Tenant farmers often do not take proper care of the trees. Even the agriculture officials do not come to take advice. In severe heat, regular water use and irrigation is required. Moreover, even after planting the litchi, the garden needs to be tended, otherwise the next year will not produce a good harvest. Many are indifferent in this regard.'

However, Afroza said about their limitations, "We always advise and support garden owners and farmers. Machines are also provided to spray pesticides on trees. But we don't have enough machines."

For this reason, a demand-requisition letter has been submitted to the upazila executive officer to provide more machines.
 

Climate Change: Bangladesh may lose a third of agri output by 2050
Says a recent WB report

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File photo

Climate variability could result in the loss of one-third of Bangladesh's agricultural GDP by 2050, said a recent World Bank report.

By 2040, it could cause the loss of 6.5 percent of the country's cropland, said the report titled 'Framework for Implementing Green Growth in Bangladesh'.

The report, which was released yesterday, said climate variability could result in the loss of 18 percent of the cropland in southern Bangladesh.

Bangladesh faced an estimated average annual loss of $1 billion (0.7 percent of GDP) from tropical cyclones alone.

Also, the coastal population is at risk from events such as 100-year coastal floods, which could become more frequent.

"Climate and other environmental hazards have greater impacts on the poor and other vulnerable groups. Efforts to reduce poverty, particularly amongst populations whose livelihoods rely heavily on natural resources, continue to be hampered by climate change," the WB said in the report.

Green growth -- which balances economic prosperity with environmental compliance, benefits and protection -- can be a strong and sustainable driver of growth.

Subsequently, the report proposed nine key policy directions that aim to achieve three overarching objectives: effective environmental governance and energy transition, new engines and skills for green growth and a just transition to a resilient, green and healthy society.

The policy directions include strengthening environmental governance, promoting renewable energy trade, promoting inclusive connectivity through green transport and logistics systems, investing in green industries and human capital, and improving public health and wellbeing, among others.

It is important that all the recommended policies work together for them to be successful, the report said.

"Global experience shows that growth that harms the environment cannot be sustained. On the other hand, green growth can offer a strong and effective way to reduce poverty while safeguarding our environment, essentially serving as a catalyst for growth," said Abdoulaye Seck, the WB's country director for Bhutan and Bangladesh.

Highlighting several shortcomings of budget implementation in climate financing, the report says Bangladesh has multiple environmental laws, regulations and plans and yet demonstrates weak performance in environmental management.

Implementation challenges primarily relate to two issues.

One is a case for prioritisation of public investment within the annual development programme managed by the planning ministry together with line ministries.

Second, limited coordination exists between the ADP formulation process and the annual budget process, which is managed by the finance ministry.

"These shortcomings have resulted in an inefficient public investment management system, with insufficient budgetary allocations to investment projects and a low execution rate," the WB said in the report.

Bangladesh's climate-related allocation currently stands at 7.5 percent of the total budget or 0.8 percent of GDP.

The report also highlighted weaknesses in Bangladesh's financial sector weaknesses.

Structural weaknesses in Bangladesh's banking system and institutional bottlenecks pose some of the biggest challenges to increasing the volume and range of green financing instruments, resulting in green investments being perceived as riskier than non-green ones.

To read the rest of the news, please click mon the link above.
 

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