[🇧🇩] Indo-Bangla Relation: India's Regional Ambition, Geopolitical Reality, and Strategic Options For Bangladesh

[Krishna with Flute]

But the two nations cannot be on the same boat without resolving key bilateral issues. Md Shariful Islam identifies three key obstacles to sustainable relations between the two nations: water-sharing, border killings, and trade imbalances.

1) Water Sharing is a genuine concern. 2)Border killing is inevitable looking at smuggling and transborder crime. If BD cooperates and checks the animal smuggling and other transborder crime, it can be minimized.
3)Trade imbalance is inevitable. unless BD has something to offer to India which India requires, how can that be reduced. India is facing same issue with China. China needs lees from India but India need lot more from China. As a result, trade imbalance is growing. The only solution to problem is India substituting the Chinese goods which is imported. Same is true with BD. How can trade balance be checked unless BD has something to offer to India which India needs and not produced in India. In best case scenario, it can be some minerals. If BD has minerals, trade deficit can be narrowed. There doesn't seem to be any other possibility.

 

[Bilal9]

Bilateral relations between Bangladesh & India have hit a seriously low level in the last 6 months, intensified in no small measure by India’s decision to provide refuge to Bangladesh’s ousted Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Ismail Ali considers the fractious atmosphere, especially in mainstream and social media, and asks whether it is in the interest of either country to sustain hostile relations?

In the 4th century BC, the Indian philosopher Chanakya famously said:

Every neighbouring state is an enemy, and the enemy’s enemy is a friend.

While it is unclear whether India views Bangladesh as an enemy state, anti-India sentiment is currently widespread in Bangladesh. Despite the many long-standing unresolved bilateral issues between the two countries, India’s interference in Bangladesh’s internal affairs has drawn sharp criticism.

Many Bangladeshis believe that India played a pivotal role in bringing former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to power in 2007 and has supported her authoritarian rule ever since. Observers in Dhaka accuse New Delhi of using its influence on the international stage to shield her brutal regime from scrutiny over its appalling human rights record, including the imprisonment, torture and execution of opposition supporters — enabling Hasina to crush Bangladesh’s democracy. Until her final hour — when she fled to India on 5 August 2024 — New Delhi reportedly pressured Washington to soften its stance on her oppressive rule.

Former Indian President Pranab Mukherjee (in The Coalition Years, 1996-2012, 2017) and former Indian High Commissioner in Bangladesh Pinak Ranjan Chakravarty (in Transformation: Emergence of Bangladesh and Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties, 2024) — two influential Indian figures with deep involvement in Bangladesh’s affairs — openly acknowledge New Delhi’s longstanding authority in shaping Bangladesh’s political landscape.

Amid these developments, a self-respecting Bangladeshi will consider boycotting India. On 7 August, the Financial Times ran the following headline: ‘India’s Bangladesh bet backfires spectacularly after Sheikh Hasina is ousted.’ Shafqat Munir, Senior Fellow at the Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies, remarked, ‘There is a lot of angst in New Delhi right now about what shape the incoming Bangladesh’s government will take.’

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However, maintaining a close relationship founded on mutual respect is crucial for the long-term peace, prosperity and economic development of both India and Bangladesh. The two countries are tied by deep-rooted commonalities — civilisational and cultural ties, shared languages, economic connections, and a rich heritage in music, literature and the arts. With 4,000-kilometres of shared borders, and confronted with significant challenges including climate change, water management and terrorism, Chief Adviser of the Interim Government Muhammad Yunus emphasises the importance of fostering a strong tie with India, telling the FT ‘We are neighbours and we need each other.’

India is a rising power of 1.4 billion people and a US$3.5 trillion economy. Martin Wolf, Chief Economic Commentator of the FT, argues that by the middle of this century, it would be surprising if India — then with a projected population of 1.7–1.8 billion people — does not emerge as a superpower. Thus, the West has increasingly aligned their interests with India. The European Union and the United Kingdom now prioritises India as atop trade partner, and many Western corporations view India as a major potential market. Moreover, amid rising geo-political tensions in South Asia, the United States engages with India as a strategic partner to counter China’s influence in the region.

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Changing global power dynamics and India’s economic future offers Bangladesh a unique opportunity to benefit from regional prosperity — if the relationship is managed strategically. In Europe, for instance, it was not only France and Germany that became wealthy; the entire continent collectively prospered. In contrast, most African countries have remained poor, demonstrating the opposite trend. Supporting this perspective — Tim Marshall in Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps that Tell You Everything You Need to Know About Global Politics (2015), Paul Colliers in The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It (2008), and Daron Açemoglu and James A. Robinson in Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (2013) — argue that proximity to a thriving nation promote economic growth. Likewise, a successful Bangladesh is more likely to be a strong ally of India than a failing one, as Vinod Khosla argues, insisting that India should support Bangladesh’s Interim Government.

The interdependence between Bangladesh and India is evident variously. Bangladesh urgently requires a more cooperative attitude from India to address the severe impact of climate change — most notably from rising sea levels — which threaten its coastal regions. Bangladesh can also benefit from India’s support in areas like electricity and critical infrastructure projects. Easing tariffs and removing barriers to Bangladeshi exports would significantly contribute to the latter’s economic growth.

India, in turn, relies on Bangladesh for connecting and stabilising its Seven Sisters states in the north-east, which have long struggled with isolation and insurgencies. The access to transformation routes through Bangladesh offers India an efficient and cost-effective means to move goods and materials to these regions, underscoring Bangladesh’s crucial role in internal cohesion and regional stability.

But the two nations cannot be on the same boat without resolving key bilateral issues. Md Shariful Islam identifies three key obstacles to sustainable relations between the two nations: water-sharing, border killings, and trade imbalances. During Sheikh Hasina’s second tenure as Prime Minister (2009–2024), progress has been made in areas such as visa simplification and the resolution of land and maritime boundary discord. However, longstanding disagreement over water-sharing remains unresolved. Bangladesh shares 50 rivers with India, including the vital Ganges and Brahmaputra. Cooperation on water-sharing and joint river management is important for agriculture, flood control and addressing climate change. Additionally, India’s Border Security Force’s so-called ‘Shoot-to-kill’ policy at the Indo-Bangladesh border is a serious concern, as pointed out by Human Rights Watch.

India’s approach to Bangladesh reflects an immature foreign policy unable to withstand regime changes. By aligning closely with one person (Sheikh Hasina) rather than fostering a broader relationship with the people of the country and by encouraging anti-Bangladesh propaganda, India exposes a shortsightedness that undermines its regional strategy, particularly the countering of China’s growing influence. A recent report by the International Crisis Group underscores this concern, urging India to ‘repair its fragile relations with Bangladesh’.

Dhaka and New Delhi must adopt forward-looking approaches rather than engaging in reactionary politics. Both nations should recognise that it is not only their histories that are intertwined, but more importantly, their futures. Collective efforts grounded in shared interests will foster economic prosperity and ensure peaceful coexistence, thereby proving Chanakya’s narrative as out-of-date.

The views expressed here are those of the author and do not represent the views of the ‘South Asia @ LSE’ blog, the LSE South Asia Centre or the London School of Economics and Political Science. Please click here for our Comments Policy.

This blogpost may not be reposted by anyone without prior written consent of LSE South Asia Centre; please e-mail southasia@lse.ac.uk for permission.

Banner image © Austin Curtis, ‘Ferrymen, Buriganga River’, 2024, Unsplash.

 

[Saif]

Balancing trade, geopolitics, and economic sovereignty in the Indian Ocean

India's grand assertion of securing control over Bangladesh's Mongla Port has become a major diplomatic embarrassment. After months of celebrating its perceived strategic victory over China and strengthening its regional influence, India has now been confronted with an unexpected reality-Pakistan's

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Bangladesh's maritime crossroads
Balancing trade, geopolitics, and economic sovereignty in the Indian Ocean
GHULAM SUHRAWARDI
Published :
Apr 02, 2025 23:15
Updated :
Apr 02, 2025 23:15

India's grand assertion of securing control over Bangladesh's Mongla Port has become a major diplomatic embarrassment. After months of celebrating its perceived strategic victory over China and strengthening its regional influence, India has now been confronted with an unexpected reality-Pakistan's cargo ships docking at the very port it claimed to control. This geopolitical twist has cast doubts over India's long-term maritime strategy in Bangladesh, highlighting the volatile regional power struggle.

This article delves into the geopolitical and economic ramifications of the Mongla Port controversy, situating it within the broader contest for influence over Bangladesh's maritime infrastructure. The Mongla Port deal, initially perceived as a strategic win for India, has now been thrust into uncertainty, particularly with Pakistan's unexpected presence. Beyond Mongla, Bangladesh's port network-including Matarbari, Chattogram, and Payra-has become a pivotal arena in the India-China rivalry, with Japan and Pakistan emerging as influential stakeholders in the Bay of Bengal.

As Bangladesh aspires to solidify its position as a key maritime hub, its ports' comparative strengths and strategic significance will be assessed against regional counterparts like Sri Lanka's Colombo and Hambantota, Myanmar's Sittwe, and Pakistan's Gwadar. The article also examines how Bangladesh can balance foreign investments, economic growth, and security considerations, ensuring its maritime ambitions are pursued without compromising sovereignty. The Mongla dispute has already exposed the fragility of India's influence, raising pressing questions about the future of Bangladesh's port strategy. Will Bangladesh emerge as an independent maritime force, or will its strategic choices be shaped by external powers vying for dominance in the Indian Ocean.

ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF BANGLADESH'S PORT INFRASTRUCTURE PLANS: Bangladesh's maritime sector is the lifeline of its economy, with over 92 per cent of trade conducted through its ports. As the country's trade volume continues to grow, its existing port infrastructure faces increasing pressure, necessitating deep-sea port projects to accommodate larger vessels and enhance connectivity. Recognising this need, Bangladesh has pursued three key projects-Matarbari, Payra, and Sonadia-each with distinct potential, challenges, and geopolitical implications. While some projects have gained international backing and momentum, others have struggled with feasibility issues or geopolitical roadblocks.

MATARBARI, PAYRA, AND SONADIA: BANGLADESH'S PORT DILEMMA IN A SHIFTING GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE: As Bangladesh advances its efforts to modernise its maritime infrastructure and expand its role in regional trade, three deep-sea port projects-Matarbari, Payra, and Sonadia-have come to represent not only the country's economic aspirations but also the complex web of geopolitical forces shaping South Asia. Each project embodies a distinct set of opportunities and challenges, reflecting the broader strategic contest between major global powers vying for influence in the Bay of Bengal.

MATARBARI: THE CROWN JEWEL OF BANGLADESH'S MARITIME FUTURE: Among the three, Matarbari is the most viable and strategically promising option. Backed by Japanese investment through JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), the port benefits from cutting-edge engineering, sound financial planning, and strong regional support. Designed as an artificial deep-sea port with a 16-meter draft, it can handle Panamax and Capesize vessels, ensuring Bangladesh can accommodate larger cargo ships and expand its trade capacity. Its proximity to Chattogram makes integration with existing transport networks seamless, reinforcing its potential as the country's primary maritime gateway.

Despite the high construction costs and environmental considerations, Matarbari's strong financial and technical backing from Japan ensures steady progress. With full-scale operations expected by 2030, it is poised to become Bangladesh's premier deep-sea port, strengthening its position as a key player in regional trade.

PAYRA: AN AMBITIOUS PROJECT FACING UNCERTAIN WATERS: Payra, once envisioned as a deep-sea port capable of revolutionizing Bangladesh's maritime sector, has encountered severe feasibility challenges that cast doubt on its long-term sustainability. The high sedimentation rates in its location require costly and continuous dredging, leading experts to question whether the project can justify its enormous maintenance costs. Without substantial foreign investment or technical assistance, Payra remains a high-risk venture that may not deliver the expected economic benefits. As a result, what was initially planned as a deep-sea port has now been downgraded to a standard port, significantly reducing its strategic importance. Without a viable economic model or external funding, Payra risks becoming an expensive miscalculation, struggling to maintain relevance in Bangladesh's evolving port landscape.

SONADIA: THE GEOPOLITICAL PAWN THAT NEVER MATERIALISED: Sonadia was once Bangladesh's most promising deep-sea port project, with China poised to finance and develop it as part of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, the project became a flashpoint in the India-China rivalry, as New Delhi strongly opposed Beijing's involvement, citing security concerns and strategic influence in the Bay of Bengal. Under pressure from India, Bangladesh ultimately scrapped the Sonadia project, redirecting its deep-sea port ambitions toward Japan-backed Matarbari instead. This move reflected India's successful diplomatic influence in preventing a Chinese foothold in Bangladesh's maritime sector. While Sonadia was once seen as a game-changer for regional trade, it has become a symbol of geopolitical sacrifice, effectively buried under the weight of great power competition.

NAVIGATING BANGLADESH'S MARITIME FUTURE: Among Bangladesh's deep-sea port ambitions, Matarbari has emerged as the clear frontrunner, benefiting from robust financial backing, strategic planning, and long-term feasibility. Payra, meanwhile, faces existential challenges, with doubts over its economic viability and sustainability. Sonadia, once a promising prospect, has been politically sidelined, with India ensuring that Bangladesh remains aligned with its regional strategic interests over China's economic expansion. As Bangladesh charts its maritime future, its choices will have profound implications-not just for its own economic growth and trade expansion but also for the geopolitical balance in the Indian Ocean. With Matarbari taking center stage, the question remains: Can Bangladesh leverage its ports to assert economic independence, or will its maritime strategy continue to be shaped by competing global interests?

BANGLADESH'S STRATEGIC TIGHTROPE: BALANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GEOPOLITICAL PRESSURES IN THE BAY OF BENGAL: Situated at the nexus of South and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh has emerged as a critical player in the geopolitical contest for influence over the Indian Ocean region. With India, China, Japan, and the United States all seeking strategic footholds in its maritime infrastructure, Bangladesh's approach to port development and economic expansion has become a high-stakes balancing act. As it undertakes ambitious port projects, Dhaka must navigate the fine line between attracting foreign investment and safeguarding its sovereignty, ensuring that economic growth does not come at the expense of strategic autonomy.

Bangladesh's port development strategy is shaped by economic imperatives and geopolitical realities. Matarbari, backed by Japan, is the most financially and technically viable deep-sea port project, offering a sustainable solution to Bangladesh's growing maritime trade demands. In contrast, Payra faces mounting feasibility concerns, with high maintenance costs and infrastructure challenges threatening its long-term viability. Meanwhile, Sonadia-a once-promising deep-sea project backed by China-was politically sidelined due to Indian opposition, reflecting the broader power struggle between Beijing and New Delhi over Bangladesh's strategic alignment.

As Bangladesh moves forward, its port investments must prioritize long-term economic benefits over external political pressures. By maintaining a diverse network of trade and investment partnerships, Bangladesh can leverage its strategic location without becoming overly dependent on any single global power. The challenge lies in ensuring that its ports remain engines of economic prosperity rather than arenas of geopolitical contestation-a delicate yet essential balance in shaping the nation's maritime future.

INDIA'S STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES: INFLUENCE AND CONNECTIVITY: For India, Bangladesh serves as a crucial transit hub, particularly for its landlocked northeastern states, making access to Bangladesh's ports a key strategic objective. New Delhi has actively opposed Chinese involvement in Sonadia, citing security concerns, but remains comfortable with Japan's investment in Matarbari, which aligns with its regional interests. India aims to secure preferential access to Mongla and Chattogram ports, solidifying its influence in Bangladesh's coastal and inland connectivity while countering Chinese expansion.

CHINA'S EXPANDING FOOTPRINT: THE MARITIME SILK ROAD IN BANGLADESH: As part of its Maritime Silk Road Initiative, China views Bangladesh as a critical link in its broader Indian Ocean trade network. Beijing has already invested heavily in Bangladesh's infrastructure, spanning rail, ports, and energy sectors, with active involvement in Mongla, Chattogram, and Payra port projects. However, this growing presence has triggered resistance from India, which sees Chinese influence as a strategic challenge in its own backyard. Despite geopolitical friction, Bangladesh continues to welcome Chinese investments, recognizing their potential to transform its maritime sector and enhance its global trade competitiveness.

JAPAN'S ROLE -- A NEUTRAL BUT STRATEGIC PLAYER: Unlike India and China, Japan has historically maintained friendly relations with Bangladesh without causing significant geopolitical tensions. Through JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), Tokyo is funding the Matarbari Deep-Sea Port, a move widely interpreted as a counterbalance to China's growing influence in Bangladesh's port development. Japan's involvement is seen as a diplomatic middle ground, allowing Bangladesh to expand its maritime capabilities without fully aligning with either China or India.

THE UNITED STATES: A STRATEGIC COUNTERWEIGHT TO CHINA: The United States has shown increasing interest in the Bay of Bengal, viewing it as a crucial theater in its Indo-Pacific strategy. While Washington's direct involvement in Bangladesh's port infrastructure has been limited so far, it is closely monitoring China's growing foothold in the country. Recent U.S. support for Bangladesh's defense modernization suggests an effort to strengthen security ties and prevent an excessive tilt toward China. This aligns with India's broader Indo-Pacific strategy, potentially leading to greater U.S. engagement in Bangladesh's strategic affairs.

STEERING THROUGH THE CROSSCURRENTS OF GLOBAL POWER RIVALRIES: As Bangladesh charts its course through the complex waters of economic expansion and geopolitical competition, it must master the art of strategic diplomacy to ensure that its maritime policies align with national interests and regional stability. With China offering extensive infrastructure funding, India asserting its regional influence, Japan presenting a neutral yet strategic alternative, and the United States monitoring Beijing's growing presence, Bangladesh's port development strategy is far more than an economic endeavor-it is a test of its diplomatic agility. The choices Dhaka makes today will shape its trade potential and define its geopolitical alignment in the evolving Indo-Pacific order.

At the heart of Bangladesh's maritime ambitions lies a delicate balancing act-harnessing foreign investments to fuel economic growth while preserving sovereignty and avoiding excessive dependence on any single power. The competing interests of global players offer both opportunities and risks, requiring Bangladesh to strategically diversify its partnerships while ensuring that its ports remain engines of economic progress rather than pawns in geopolitical conflicts.

By carefully managing these relationships, Bangladesh can assert itself as an independent maritime and economic force, strengthening its position as a regional trade hub without compromising its autonomy. The road ahead is intricate, but with pragmatic diplomacy, innovative investment strategies, and a commitment to national interests, Bangladesh can cement its role as a rising economic power in the Indian Ocean-one that navigates global rivalries with confidence and foresight.

Ghulam Suhrawardi is the publisher of the USA-based South Asia Journal, author of Bangladesh Maritime History and nautical publications, and President of the Bangladesh Marine Academy Alumni Association.​

 

[Saif]

Water treaties, Hasina extradition, regional trade dominate discussion

Water-sharing treaties on Ganges and Teesta rivers, Hasina extradition and regional trade facilitation dominated discussion as Bangladesh Chief Adviser Prof Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi finally held a much-hyped meeting Friday in Bangkok. &nbsp

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Numerous takeaways from Yunus-Modi maiden meet
Water treaties, Hasina extradition, regional trade dominate discussion
FE REPORT
Published :
Apr 04, 2025 23:52
Updated :
Apr 04, 2025 23:52

Chief Adviser Prof Dr Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi sit in a tête-à-tête on the sidelines of the 6th BIMSTEC Summit at Shangri-La Hotel in the Thai capital of Bangkok on Friday. — PID

Water-sharing treaties on Ganges and Teesta rivers, Hasina extradition and regional trade facilitation dominated discussion as Bangladesh Chief Adviser Prof Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi finally held a much-hyped meeting Friday in Bangkok.

The leaders of the two major South Asian countries "greeted each other with mutual respect and a shared openness for dialogue. Their 40-minute exchange was candid, productive, and constructive," says a spokesperson for the Chief Adviser's Office.

At the one-on-one between the current heads of government of post-uprising Bangladesh and of India, held on the sidelines of BIMSTEC summit, both of them committed to advancing ties, which got strained following the August-5th changeover in Bangladesh through the toppling of ex-premier Sheikh Hasina, staying in exile in India ever since.

"Bangladesh deeply values its relationship with India," said Professor Yunus during thetamit talk.

"The deep-rooted friendship between our two countries is founded on intertwined histories, geographical proximity, and cultural affinity. We remain thankful for the unwavering support of the government and people of India during our most challenging time in 1971."

Although this was the first face-to-face meeting between the two heads of government, Professor Yunus emphasised that the countries remained engaged in numerous bilateral interactions over the past eight months since he took over.

Addressing the challenges facing the relationship between the two next-door neighbours, the chief adviser said, "Excellency, we seek to work together with you to set the relationship on the right track for the benefit of both our peoples."

The Nobel-laureate economist, who assumed the chairmanship of BIMSTEC, sought the support of India for a free-trade agreement (FTA) among the seven members of the sub-regional grouping encompassing South and Southeast Asia.

Professor Yunus called for discussions to renew the Ganges Water Treaty and to conclude the stalled Teesta Water-sharing Agreement.

Prime Minister Narendra Modij congratulated Professor Yunus on his assumption of the BIMSTEC chair, and he greeted him on the occasion of Eid al-Fitr.

The Indian Prime Minister said New Delhi always attached the "highest priority" to its relationship with Dhaka. The history of the two neighbours is "intricately linked, and it goes back to the birth of Bangladesh".

Prime Minister Modi cited the global stature of Prof Yunus. He said India would always support a "progressive, democratic and inclusive Bangladesh".

He makes it clear that India does not support any particular party in Bangladesh. "Our relationship is people-to-people," the Indian Prime Minister said.

Professor Yunus enquired about the status of Bangladesh's request for extradition of Sheikh Hasina, the unseated former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, which remains pending with the Indian government.

He points out that the former Prime Minister has been making inflammatory remarks in various media outlets and attempting to destabilise the situation in Bangladesh, which seemed to be an abuse of the hospitality India has extended to her.

"She has consistently made false and inflammatory accusations against the interim government of Bangladesh," Professor Yunus stated.

"We request that the Government of India take appropriate measures to restrain her from continuing to make such incendiary statements while she remains in your country."

Professor Yunus also referenced the OHCHR's Fact-Finding Report, which confirmed "serious human-rights violations and abuses committed by security forces and armed Awami League activists between July 15 and August 5, 2024".

He said the OHCHR report estimated that 1,400 protest-related deaths occurred, with approximately 13 per cent of the victims being children. He stated the UN fact-finders found "reasonable grounds to believe that crimes against humanity, such as murder, torture, and other inhumane acts were committed" during the protests.

The UN report notes that the Prime Minister herself had ordered security forces to kill protesters and specifically instructed them to 'arrest the ringleaders, kill them, and hide their bodies'.

The Indian Prime Minister blamed social media for the tensions around Sheikh Hasina's remarks. He reiterated that India's attachment is with a country, not with any individuals or political organisations.

Professor Yunus also raised the issue of border killings and stressed that working together to reduce the number of fatalities would not only save many families' great anguish but would also help build trust and confidence and to strengthen the relationship between India and Bangladesh.

"I always felt the pain when these killings happen," the Bangladesh Chief Adviser said, urging India to find "ways and means" to prevent the incidents.

Prime Minister Modi said Indian border troops opened fire "only in self-defence and the fatalities occurred in Indian territories".

The two sides stressed the need for working together on this issue.

Professor Yunus struck a note of optimism about Bangladesh's chairmanship of BIMSTEC, saying that Bangladesh aims to increase the visibility of BIMSTEC and hopes that the organisation will emerge as an effective and vibrant entity capable of fulfilling the aspirations of the people in the region by giving them an efficient route for exporting and importing goods around the world.

Responding to Prime Minister Modi's concern over the condition of minorities in Bangladesh, the Chief Adviser said the reports of attacks on the minorities were hugely inflated and "the bulk of them were fake news".

He asked the Indian leader to send reporters to Bangladesh to investigate the alleged attacks themselves.

The Chief Adviser said he instituted an effective system for monitoring every incident of religious and gender violence in the country, and his government was taking serious actions to stop any such occurrence.

Both leaders concluded their fruitful and honest dialogue by wishing each other good health and personal wellbeing. They extended their best wishes for continued peace, progress, and prosperity for the two peoples.

Bangladesh foreign adviser Md Tauhid Hossain, High Representative of the Chief Adviser Dr Khalilur Rahman, Indian foreign minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar and national security adviser Ajit Doval were among others present on the occasion.​

 

[Saif]

Bangladesh-India bilateral talks positive for country: Andalib

Bangladesh Jatiya Party (BJP) Chairman Barrister Andalib Rahman Partho today (Saturday) said the recent bilateral talks between Chief Adviser Dr Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is a positive sign for our country, as important issues were discussed there with fruitful outcomes

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Bangladesh-India bilateral talks positive for country: Andalib
FE Online Desk
Published :
Apr 05, 2025 20:55
Updated :
Apr 05, 2025 20:55

Bangladesh Jatiya Party (BJP) Chairman Barrister Andalib Rahman Partho today (Saturday) said the recent bilateral talks between Chief Adviser Dr Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is a positive sign for our country, as important issues were discussed there with fruitful outcomes.

He made these remarks in response to a media query this afternoon, BSS reports.

Partha said, "We are helping this government as major reforms are required, and we are optimistic about the elections by December.”

He added that the BJP is now stronger than ever before, and they will go into discussions on the election of candidates from next June.

Partha urged the government to take reform measures regarding the election, saying, "The people have a desire to elect their representatives. So elections should be held keeping those issues in mind."

He also said it is a must to empower local governments to use the available resources for the country’s development.​

 

[Saif]

The Yunus-Modi dialogue and its implications for South Asian geopolitics

"In diplomacy, clarity is often more powerful than consensus." - Henry Kissinger Bangladesh Chief Adviser Dr Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in Bangkok on April 4, 2025, against the backdrop of regional instability and domestic transformation. The encounter was not a dipl

thefinancialexpress.com.bd

Redrawing lines of engagement
The Yunus-Modi dialogue and its implications for South Asian geopolitics
Serajul I Bhuiyan
Published :
Apr 05, 2025 23:21
Updated :
Apr 05, 2025 23:21

"In diplomacy, clarity is often more powerful than consensus." - Henry Kissinger Bangladesh Chief Adviser Dr Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in Bangkok on April 4, 2025, against the backdrop of regional instability and domestic transformation. The encounter was not a diplomatic courtesy; it was a substantive engagement that could reshape the trajectory of Bangladesh-India relations at a time of realigning alliances, contested narratives, and growing regional ambitions.

Being the first formal interaction between the two leaders in over a decade, this 40-minute talk-described by officials as warm, constructive, and candid-amounted to a diplomatic reset. It allowed both sides to rebalance priorities and reassert mutual respect while discussing outstanding bilateral issues such as water sharing, border security, minority rights, and the pending extradition of former Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.

RECALIBRATING BILATERAL RELATIONS: Yunus began by reiterating the historical foundation of Bangladesh-India relations, citing India's unequivocal support during the 1971 Liberation War. Emphasising shared geography and cultural kinship, he considered Bangladesh a neighbour that values sovereign equality and shared development. The Chief Adviser's tone, however, was not merely ceremonial. It was heavy with the voice of a nation in political transition and search of regional equilibrium.

Modi, on his part, sought to dispel perceptions of political bias by stating in no ambiguous terms that India's relationship is with no party or person but with the sovereign nation of Bangladesh. The statement-meant to create distance between New Delhi and Sheikh Hasina's controversial record-was a message as much to Dhaka's caretaker government as to the international community.

THE HASINA EXTRADITION REQUEST: One of the most delicate matters at the meeting was Yunus's formal request for information on the current status of Bangladesh's application for the extradition of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, who is still in voluntary exile in India. Referring to the damning UN OHCHR report documenting the severe human rights violations during the protests of July 2024-during which over 1,400 protestors were killed, 13 per cent of them children- Yunus argued that her persistent media provocations from Indian soil amount to destabilising interference and abuse of Indian hospitality.

Quoting Winston Churchill's immortal warning that "diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions," this report is the balancing act India must undertake: managing ancient ties with a former political friend while guarding its reputation as a neutral, responsible regional actor.

While Modi downplayed tensions, attributing them in considerable measure to misinformation on social media, his reluctance to be explicit about the extradition request indicates the matter's sensitivity. It is a pressure point that could either accelerate a new chapter of openness or harden outstanding mistrust in Dhaka-Delhi ties. Even though Modi downplayed the tensions, he must realise that providing deposed Sheikh Hasina refuge in a safe place and permission to address her supporters in Bangladesh and destabilise the country forced the vast majority of Bangladeshis to consider Indian government media highly anti-Bangladesh, which is detrimental to the bilateral relations between the two countries. It makes India look bad to other South Asian countries and think India is interfering in the internal affairs of other countries.

PERCEPTIONS AND POLITICAL OPTICS: While Modi attempted to downplay the tensions, the political optics of granting asylum to Sheikh Hasina-Bangladesh's ousted former Prime Minister-have not gone unnoticed. Her continued presence in India, coupled with her ability to disseminate inciting messages to sympathisers in the homeland, has highly disturbed public opinion in Bangladesh. It is viewed by many as a misuse of Indian hospitality and a tacit endorsement of attempts to destabilise Bangladesh's interim government.

The repercussions have been profound: an overwhelming majority of Bangladeshis now perceive Indian media, and by extension, parts of the Indian establishment, as biased and dismissive of Bangladesh's internal sovereignty. Whether valid or not, this perception is taking a toll on bilateral trust and harming India's image as a non-interfering regional power. As former US Secretary of State Dean Acheson once warned, "The greatest danger of diplomacy is the assumption that other nations think of themselves as we think of ourselves." For India, allowing such uncertainty to persist risks not only alienating Bangladesh but also other neighbours who are suspicious of hegemonic intentions.

BORDER KILLINGS: Repeated border killings were a highlight of the discussion. Yunus was remorseful and demanded better bilateral coordination to prevent deaths. Modi, while defending the actions of Indian border forces as self-defence, agreed on the need for joint mechanisms. That they decided to reduce border killings is a step toward humanitarian diplomacy in a region long plagued by frontier tensions.

DEBUNKING THE MINORITY NARRATIVE: In diplomacy, integrity is not just a moral compass but the basis of credibility. Indian Prime Minister conveyed concern about the status of minorities in Bangladesh, reflecting accusations routinely exaggerated by Indian media. Yunus stated unequivocally that many of these are exaggerated, misleading, or invented-fuelled by partisan propaganda machines and echo chambers more interested in deflection than in the truth. Even as India points a finger at its neighbour, it must confront the mirror of its realities. From the systematic marginalisation of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat to the enforced silence of Kashmiri voices, India's record on minority rights-well-documented by international human rights observers-is under intense global scrutiny. As George Orwell once wrote, "The further a society drifts from the truth, the more it will hate those who speak it." The contrast is particularly stark compared to the everyday experiences of Bangladesh's minority communities.

In fact, the Muslim minority is incredibly depressed and oppressed by the Hindu Community, and Indian media and Hollywood movies played a bigger role in it. So, India does not have any moral integrity to give a lesson on minority issues of Bangladesh. Minorities in Bangladesh say they happily live together with the Muslim Majority in Bangladesh.

Despite isolated incidents-too often exploited in foreign reporting-the majority of Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian citizens in Bangladesh continue to live in peace alongside the Muslim majority, participating fully in civic, economic, and cultural life. The Yunus administration has already instituted mechanisms of oversight to address communal tensions with alacrity, a testament to its desire for inclusive governance. In this regard, India's attempt at positioning itself as a moral arbiter comes across as diplomatically misplaced and ethically hollow. Rather than exporting its domestic, communal anxieties, New Delhi would adopt a more introspective approach that respects its neighbours' sovereignty and social cohesion.

GEOPOLITICAL UNDERCURRENTS AND REGIONAL REBALANCING: The meeting between Yunus and Modi also resonates with the more significant dynamics of South Asian geopolitics. As Bangladesh continues to firm up its relations with China-underscored by Dr. Yunus's recent state visit to Beijing-the Bangkok meeting served as a requisite counterbalance, preserving strategic equilibrium in the region. India's reiteration of a non-aligned stance toward Bangladesh indicates the recognition that Dhaka's foreign policy is becoming more multi-polar. In response, New Delhi seems to be adjusting its strategy-choosing pragmatic interaction over ideological affinity.

BIMSTEC AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION: Yunus attended the Bangkok summit with more than political credentials-he did so with the weight of global integrity and developmental vision.

In his new capacity as BIMSTEC Chair, he used the occasion to invite India to join in accelerating a long-proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) among the bloc's seven-nation membership. His message was economic and philosophical-a call for regional solidarity at a moment of fragmentation. Citing BIMSTEC as "South Asia's next great opportunity," Yunus emphasised that economic integration and equitable resource-sharing were key to peace, progress, and prosperity in the Bay of Bengal region. He also renewed Bangladesh's call for the renewal of the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty and, crucially, for the long-awaited Teesta River Agreement to be signed-matters at the core of Bangladesh's water security and agricultural sustainability.

As a crusader for human dignity and inclusive development who is not shy to take a position, Yunus also framed these matters as bilateral disputes and tests of regional conscience. Quoting Kofi Annan, he reminded everyone that "we may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race." Indian Prime Minister embraced the BIMSTEC agenda, congratulating Yunus on his appointment and reiterating India's commitment to a democratic, inclusive, and forward-looking Bangladesh.

However, while the goodwill gestures were encouraging, the legacy of simmering water-sharing disagreements is a thorn that requires ongoing diplomacy and political will on both sides. Even so, with a world-class personality like Yunus at the helm of BIMSTEC, the regional bloc can finally receive the leadership it needs to move from aspiration to action.

CONCLUSION: Overall, the Yunus-Modi meeting was a ritual of diplomacy but a strategic reboot. It reflected Dhaka's aspiration to regain control over its foreign policy and invite Delhi into a relationship on equal terms. For South Asia, where geopolitics is too frequently determined by history and hegemony, this dialogue offers a hopeful model: cooperation, mutual respect, and principled diplomacy can still determine the future.

The path forward remains complex, whether regarding the waters of the Teesta, Rohingya repatriation, or economic integration. However, with open communication and regional foresight, Bangladesh and India can still transform their common geography into common prosperity.

Dr Serajul I Bhuiyan is a professor and former chairman of the Department of Journalism and Mass Communications at Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia, USA.​

 

[Saif]

https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/take-steps-prevent-hasina-making-provocative-statements-yunus-tells-modi-3863466

Take steps to prevent Hasina from making provocative statements, Yunus tells Modi

Photo: PID

Chief Adviser Prof Muhammad Yunus today told Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi that the former prime minister (Sheikh Hasina) had been making inflammatory remarks in various media outlets and attempting to destabilise the situation in Bangladesh, which seemed to be an abuse of the hospitality India has extended to her.

"She [Hasina] has consistently made false and inflammatory accusations against the interim government of Bangladesh," Yunus told Modi.

"We request that the government of India take appropriate measures to restrain her from continuing to make such incendiary statements while she remains in your country," he said, according to a statement issued by the CA's press wing.

This was the first bilateral meeting between the two leaders since the fall of Hasina-led government through a mass uprising on August 5.

Yunus enquired about the status of Bangladesh's request for the extradition of Hasina, which remains pending with the Indian government.

The CA also referenced the UN Human Rights Office's Fact-Finding Report, which confirmed serious human rights violations and abuses committed by security forces and armed Awami League activists between July 15 and August 5, 2024.

He said the report estimated that 1,400 protest-related deaths occurred, with approximately 13 percent of the victims being children. He stated the report also found reasonable grounds to believe that crimes against humanity, such as murder, torture, and other inhumane acts, were committed during the protests.

The UN report notes that Hasina herself had ordered security forces to kill protesters and specifically instructed them to "arrest the ringleaders, kill them, and hide their bodies."

In response, Indian PM blamed social media for the tensions around Sheikh Hasina's remarks. He said India's attachment is with a country, not with any individuals or political organisations.

Yunus also raised the issue of border killings and stressed the need for working together to reduce the number of fatalities. It would not only save many families great anguish but would also help to build trust and confidence and to strengthen the relationship between India and Bangladesh, he said.

"I always felt the pain when these killings happen," Yunus said, urging India to find "ways and means" to prevent the incidents.

Modi said Indian border troops opened fire only in self-defence and the fatalities occurred in Indian territories. The two leaders stressed the need to work together on this issue.

The leaders of these two major South Asian countries greeted each other with mutual respect and a shared openness for dialogue. Their 40-minute exchange was candid, productive, and constructive.

"Bangladesh deeply values its relationship with India," said Yunus.

"The deep-rooted friendship between our two countries is founded on intertwined histories, geographical proximity, and cultural affinity. We remain thankful for the unwavering support of the government and people of India during our most challenging time in 1971," he added.​

 

[Saif]

Dhaka-Delhi measures will determine future of relations

The two leaders laid emphasis on advancing relations between Bangladesh and India in the interests of the people of the two countries

en.prothomalo.com

Dhaka-Delhi measures will determine future of relations
Raheed Ejaz
Dhaka
Published: 06 Apr 2025, 11: 48

Chief Adviser Professor Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi joined a bilateral meeting in Bangkok on 4 April 2025 Facebook page Chief Adviser GOB

At the meeting held between Professor Muhammad Yunus and Narendra Modi in Bangkok after the BIMSTEC summit, the two leaders shared various issues of concern in order to dispel the extreme tension in relations between Bangladesh and India. They countered each other's contentions on certain points. The issue of sending Sheikh Hasina back to Bangladesh was also raised.

Overall, however, the two leaders laid emphasis on advancing relations in the interests of the people of the two countries. During the talks, Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in particular said people are at the centre of Dhaka-Delhi relations. Relations between the two countries were in the interests of the people. The relations did not centre on any individual or party. Narendra Modi requested the interim government's chief advisor to deliver this message to the people of Bangladesh.

Though the word "China" was not uttered per se, the issue was there. At one point of the talks, Narendra Modi said that there was no need for a "third party" in relations between the two countries

At this over half-hour meeting held last Friday at Shangri-La Hotel in the Thai capital Bangkok, the two leaders brought forward issues of the past and present, in the interest of future relations.

Talking to sources present at the meeting, it was evident that the matter of sending Sheikh Hasina back to Bangladesh depended largely on legal procedures. The matter of transparency in the trial of Sheikh Hasina also was raised.

The Yunus-Modi meeting was held exactly a week after the chief advisor of the interim government held bilateral talks with the Chinese president in Beijing. During that meeting, Bangladesh had welcomed Chinese contractors to the proposed project for the common river with India, Teesta. Professor Yunus sought from China a 50-year river and water management master plan. So was the China issue sidestepped at the Bangkok talks?

The matter of border killings was raised at the discussion. The chief advisor said he is always pained when such killings take place. He called upon India to find a way to prevent such incidents.

It was learnt from several members of the Bangladesh delegation present at the meeting that though the word "China" was not uttered per se, the issue was there. At one point of the talks, Narendra Modi said that there was no need for a "third party" in relations between the two countries. Surely it was not possible for any other two countries to understand each other so well, to understand the dreams and emergence of independent Bangladesh. That was why India aspired to always be by the side of Bangladesh in its successes and crises.

When the issue of repression against the minorities, the Hindu community in particular, was raised, India made mention of the role played by the Nobel laureate Professor Muhammad Yunus. On behalf of Bangladesh it was said that most of the incidents of repression took place between 5 to 8 August. This was due to political reasons, not communal. Indian journalists were invited to Bangladesh to see the situation first hand.

The two countries focussed on forward-looking people-oriented relations. The two leaders openly talked about the existing challenges. It is the people who have suffered due to the extreme tensions between the two countries over the past eight months. Indian visas for Bangladeshi nationals have been strongly limited. It has not only become difficult for Bangladeshis to get Indian visas, but also visas to third countries through India. With the drop in visas, there has been a severe lull in bus and train service between the two countries. Yet the visa issue was not raised at the Friday talks.

The matter of border killings was raised at the discussion. The chief advisor said he is always pained when such killings take place. He called upon India to find a way to prevent such incidents, saying that if the killings were reduced, not only would many families be freed of such suffering, but this would help in generating trust and confidence and would also strengthen ties between India and Bangladesh.

In response, Narendra Modi said Indian border guards only opened fire in self defence and the deaths occur within India territory. The two leaders placed importance on working together on the issue.

Speaking to diplomats who were present at Bangkok, it was learnt that Professor Yunus and Narendra Modi had spoken to each other at the dinner hosted in honour of the leaders at the BIMSTEC summit. That unofficial discussion on Thursday had created positive grounds for a meeting the next day between the two leaders. Overall, while the discussions on Friday were positive, both side strongly put forward their respective positions.

According to diplomatic sources, given the present state of relations between the two countries, there was need for communication at the highest political level. Now time will tell how far the two sides will take the relations forward after the Yunus-Modi talks.

A number of diplomats present at the Bangkok meet indicated that neither side had high expectations that these talks would resolve all crises. It was positive that the meeting took place. The two top leaders spoke face to face. And they were both prepared to exchange views with each other at this Bangkok meeting. Memories of past personal contact were recalled. The two leaders expressed their commitment to take relations ahead and their next steps will determine the direction of bilateral cooperation.

Speaking to Prothom Alo, former diplomat and president of Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) M Humayun Kabir said, the two leaders met and reiterated India and Bangladesh's previous positions. Sitting face to face and discussing these issues directly could create a sense of liability within them to resolve the issues. Perhaps now the two leaders would have the scope to think anew. This might help in taking relations between the two countries ahead. A sort of pressure may be created for both of them to keep the relations normal. So, overall, the Bangkok meeting can been seen as positive.

The Indian prime minister had raised the issue to desisting from statements that led to a deterioration of relations and, M Humayun Kabir said, the same must apply to them too.​

 

[Saif]

https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/yunus-modi-meeting-rebooting-indo-bangla-ties

Yunus-Modi meeting: Rebooting Indo-Bangla ties
MIR MOSTAFIZUR RAHAMAN
Published :
Apr 08, 2025 00:05
Updated :
Apr 08, 2025 00:05

The relationship between Bangladesh and India, once celebrated as a 'model of regional cooperation', has faced significant turbulence since the political upheaval in Dhaka last year. The ouster of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on August 5, 2023, marked the beginning of a downward spiral in bilateral ties. A series of diplomatic missteps, inflammatory rhetoric, and unresolved disputes further strained the bond between the two nations.

Against this tense backdrop, the recent meeting between Bangladesh's Chief Adviser Dr. Muhammad Yunus and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the sidelines of the BIMSTEC Summit in Bangkok, has sparked cautious optimism. The fact that the dialogue took place -- despite uncertainty and resistance from hardliners on both sides -- suggests a mutual desire to mend fences. However, while the meeting may have thawed some of the ice, much more needs to be done to restore trust and ensure sustainable cooperation.

The deterioration in Indo-Bangla relations can be traced to several factors:

The abrupt removal of Sheikh Hasina's government last year created a leadership vacuum, leading to policy paralysis in Dhaka. India, which had enjoyed a close partnership with Hasina's administration, found itself navigating unfamiliar terrain with the new caretaker setup.

Extremist factions in both countries seized the opportunity to fuel tensions. A section of the Indian media launched a relentless campaign portraying Bangladesh as a hotbed of communalism and extremism, further poisoning public sentiment. Similarly, anti-India rhetoric in Bangladesh gained traction, with critics accusing New Delhi of interfering in domestic politics.

Key connectivity projects, including rail and road links, were scaled back disrupting trade and people-to-people exchanges. The suspension of previously agreed-upon initiatives deepened mistrust.

Two contentious issues continue to loom large: first one is the extradition of Sheikh Hasina, against whom Bangladesh court issued warrant for crimes against humanity, and the second is the alleged attacks on minorities in Bangladesh, which has been weaponised by hardliners in India to stoke tensions.

The Yunus-Modi meeting was significant for several reasons. Powerful factions in both the countries have been seeking to derail the dialogue. Hate campaigns and malicious propaganda overshadowed the summit, but the fact that the way the talks proceeded was indicative of a mature diplomatic approach from both sides.

Reports suggest that the discussions covered trade, connectivity, security, and minority rights. However, the lack of a detailed joint statement has led to speculations. Transparency is crucial -- any ambiguity risks fueling further distrust.

By engaging directly, both leaders signalled that dialogue, not confrontation, is the way forward. This is a welcome shift from the zero-sum mindset that has dominated the recent discourse.

Prof Yunus and Mr Modi concluded their 'fruitful and honest dialogue by wishing each other good health and personal well-being' and extended their best wishes for continued peace, progress, and prosperity for the peoples of both countries.

The meeting discussed India's concern over the condition of minorities in Bangladesh. In response, Chief Adviser said, the reports of attacks on the minorities were hugely inflated and "the bulk of them were fake news". He asked the Indian leader to send Indian newsmen to Bangladesh to investigate the alleged attacks themselves.

In the meeting Bangladesh Chief Adviser also told the Indian Prime Minister that his government had instituted an effective system to monitor every incident of religious and gender violence in the country, and his government was taking serious actions to stop occurrence of such incidents.

It is widely believed that such open and frank discussions will help to remove misunderstanding between the two sides and more dialogues will follow the Bangkok meeting.

The leaders of these two major South Asian countries greeted each other with mutual respect and a shared openness for dialogue. Their 40-minute exchange was 'candid, productive, and constructive'.

The tones of the two leaders are worth reviewing. "Bangladesh deeply values its relationship with India, The deep-rooted friendship between our two countries is founded on intertwined histories, geographical proximity, and cultural affinity. We remain thankful for the unwavering support of the government and people of India during our most challenging time in 1971", said Dr Yunus.

In response, the Indian Prime Minister said New Delhi has always attached highest priority to its relationship with Dhaka. "The history of the two neighbours is intricately linked, and it goes back to the birth of Bangladesh", he said.

So there is no doubt that the Bangkok meeting was a positive step, but sustained efforts are needed to repair the strained relationship.

Meanwhile, there is an urgent need to settle the water sharing issue of the 54 rivers that run across the two countries.

India's failure to ink a deal on the water sharing of the Teesta River caused huge resentment among people in Bangladesh.

In fact the ties between the two countries started souring over water sharing issue when India had commissioned the Farrakhan Barrage on the Ganges River to divert its water.

The signing of the Ganges water sharing deal was a positive step to allay the concern of Bangladesh.

However, since the treaty is going to expire next year it is expected that India will show sincerity to renew the deal.

Policy-level figures in both nations must refrain from making derogatory remarks. Media outlets should also be discouraged from sensationalising bilateral tensions.

Many feel that reviving pre-August 2024 transport and trade links should be revived as well as the pending projects like and power grid connectivity expedited.

India must resolve the Hasina extradition issue in line with the aspirations of the majority people of Bangladesh.

Similarly Bangladesh must address concerns over minority safety, while India should avoid exploiting the issue for domestic politics.

After August 2024, India imposed a curb on normal visa issuance process for Bangladeshi citizens which is viewed in Bangladesh as a retaliatory step. Restoring the normalisation of this process is crucial to restore trust.

At the same time, India must remove the perception that it 'takes more than it gives. A win-win framework -- where Bangladesh gains tangible benefits from cooperation -- is essential.

Progressive voices in both countries must counter hardline narratives and promote people-to-people ties.

As the old adage goes, 'You can change your friends, but not your neighbours', neither India nor Bangladesh can afford prolonged hostility. The historical, cultural, and economic bonds between the two nations are too deep to be severed by short-term political turbulence.

The Yunus-Modi meeting has opened a window for reconciliation. Now, both governments must act openly and sincerely, and demonstrate mutual respect to ensure that this opportunity is not squandered. The people of both countries deserve peace, prosperity, and partnership -- not perpetual tension.​

 

[Saif]

What is the outcome of the Yunus-Modi meeting?

Bangladesh has been trying for some time to arrange a meeting or face-to-face encounter between professor Muhammad Yunus and Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. However, there had been no response from India. Last September, during the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Bangladesh...

en.prothomalo.com

What is the outcome of the Yunus-Modi meeting?

AKM Zakaria
Prothom Alo Deputy Editor
Updated: 09 Apr 2025, 18: 03

After the BIMSTEC summit, a meeting was held between chief adviser professor Muhammad Yunus and Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. AFP

Bangladesh has been trying for some time to arrange a meeting or face-to-face encounter between professor Muhammad Yunus and Indian prime minister Narendra Modi. However, there had been no response from India. Last September, during the United Nations General Assembly in New York, Bangladesh attempted to arrange such a meeting. In March, before Yunus's trip to China, Bangladesh again tried to arrange a meeting with Modi, but India did not respond.

Subsequently, Bangladesh requested India to hold such a meeting on the sideline of the BIMSTEC summit in Bangkok. Initially, India’s external affairs ministry rejected the proposal, but ultimately, the meeting took place. The matter is certainly not that India was compelled to sit for the meeting, but the reality is that prime minister Modi did meet with professor Yunus.

Following the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government on 5 August, India’s position has led one to believe that Bangladesh’s people have committed a great sin by ending the long-standing authoritarian rule. However, the situation should have been the opposite. India directly influenced the perpetuation of this authoritarian regime in Bangladesh.

For the past eight months, India has not been treating Bangladesh as a friendly country. India views the fall of Sheikh Hasina not as a foreign policy and strategic issue or a mistake but perhaps as a defeat. Unfortunately, India has not realised that it was wrong to place its trust in one party and one leader while disregarding the democratic aspirations of the people of Bangladesh. This type of foreign policy or strategy is unprecedented in the case of any major country. It seems India has not yet understood that their policy of maintaining the authoritarian rule in Bangladesh was a mistake.

After the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government, India has taken a hard stance. They have stopped issuing visas to Bangladeshi citizens. People going to India for medical treatment are also finding it increasingly difficult to get visas. Direct bus and train services between the two countries have been suspended. Simultaneously, anti-Bangladesh propaganda has started in India, with most of the country's media participating in it.

While this state-sponsored position of India is certainly fueling the populist, nationalist, or Hindutva politics there, it remains to be seen how much diplomatic benefit India will gain as a regional power through this. Only time will tell.

Of the issues Yunus raised with India, aside from the request for Hasina’s return, the rest were long-standing unresolved issues. Particularly, despite repeated assurances, India has not ended border killings, and the Teesta water-sharing agreement has remained unresolved for years. Bangladesh naturally wants to renew the Ganges water-sharing agreement as its term ends next year.

Despite such post-uprising treatment from India, one might ask why Bangladesh was so proactive in arranging the Yunus-Modi meeting. Just as opposition to Bangladesh has grown in India, opposition to India has grown in Bangladesh as well. In this situation, Bangladesh’s efforts and initiatives to improve relations with India at the state level should be considered a mature diplomatic move.

Now the question is, what was the outcome of the Yunus-Modi meeting? Given that Bangladesh-India relations were at their lowest point, the fact that these two individuals met is the biggest achievement. From Bangladesh’s perspective, the meeting was the result of Bangladesh’s interest and efforts, and it served as an official demonstration of the country’s goodwill.

Despite the anti-India sentiment among the people of Bangladesh, there has been no opposition to the government’s initiative. However, some in India’s diplomatic circles have said that it was wrong for Modi to meet with Yunus. The Telegraph online quoted several former and experienced diplomats anonymously, with one saying that the meeting with the chief adviser was a bad decision.

We have learned some details of the Yunus-Modi meeting from both Bangladeshi and Indian media sources. There was a noticeable contrast in how the media in both countries reported on it. All in all, it is clear that during the meeting, Yunus raised certain issues on behalf of Bangladesh, while Modi presented some concerns on behalf of India. There were no new issues discussed, but the specific topics they raised were of interest.

Muhammad Yunus brought up the issue of requesting the return of Sheikh Hasina, called for an end to border killings, and raised the topic of renewing the Ganges water-sharing agreement and implementing the Teesta agreement.

On the other hand, prime minister Modi expressed concerns about the security of Bangladesh's minorities, particularly the Hindu community. He also spoke about the expectation to see a democratic, stable, peaceful, progressive, and inclusive Bangladesh in the future.

Of the issues Yunus raised with India, aside from the request for Hasina’s return, the rest were long-standing unresolved issues. Particularly, despite repeated assurances, India has not ended border killings, and the Teesta water-sharing agreement has remained unresolved for years. Bangladesh naturally wants to renew the Ganges water-sharing agreement as its term ends next year.

Regarding problems like border killings or the Teesta agreement, the people of Bangladesh do not expect quick resolutions from India. These are long-standing problems, and with these problems the fallen authoritarian government had maintained the 'highest level' of relations with India. The remaining issue is the return of Hasina, but it seems unlikely that India will fulfill this request. Even so, it is possible to bring the relationship to a normal level, if not a high one. Bangladesh has shown its goodwill, and now it depends on India.

Chief adviser professor Muhammad Yunus and Indian prime minister Narendra Modi.Photo: From the chief adviser's Facebook page

Modi expressed concern about the security of Bangladesh's minority communities, especially Hindus. This is understandable, as he is a proponent of Hindutva politics, and India’s majority population is Hindu. The reality is that since 5 August, there have been some attacks on the Hindu community and their property in Bangladesh. The objection of the Bangladeshi government is that the extent being claimed did not occur.

It’s important to remind our Indian friends that during Sheikh Hasina’s previous government, there were unfortunate instances of communal violence as well, but India did not speak out as loudly about them then. However, this does not mean that India cannot express concern now. India’s concerns are valid and should be taken into account. Yunus has invited Indian journalists to visit Bangladesh to observe the situation firsthand.

However, Modi’s concern for minorities raises some questions in the minds of the people of Bangladesh. What is the situation of minorities in India? Are they safe there? Just as India is concerned about the security of Hindus in Bangladesh, Bangladeshis also have concerns about Muslims and other minorities in India.

The people of Bangladesh are aware of the changes in India’s Waqf Act, which has angered Indian Muslims. They believe that this law was passed to bring Waqf properties under government control. According to Aam Aadmi Party parliament member Sanjay Singh, this law will initiate the process of taking control of mosque and shrine properties.

In a previous article, I gave reference to the US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) report on religious freedom in India. Their latest 2025 report mentions religious freedom curb in Bangladesh, but it states that the situation in India is much worse. India has been placed on the “Countries of Particular Concern” list due to religious persecution.

The report recommends strong measures, such as sanctions, visa restrictions, and aid cuts, against countries involved in persecuting minorities, including India’s intelligence agency, the RAW, for its alleged involvement in such activities.

Modi’s desire to see a democratic and inclusive Bangladesh is commendable. However, if he had strongly pushed for this and not openly supported one-sided elections in Bangladesh since 2014, perhaps the people of this country would not have had to endure a decade of undemocratic and authoritarian rule.

India’s foreign secretary Vikram Misri has explained Modi’s expectations for an inclusive Bangladesh. In a special press briefing after the Yunus-Modi meeting, he said that regular and inclusive elections are crucial for any democracy. He added that the prime minister had informed Yunus about this. Our question is, didn’t India realise the need for inclusive elections when three one-sided elections were held during Hasina’s tenure?

Despite India’s contradictory stance on Bangladesh, Bangladesh has shown a willingness to normalise relations with India. It seems that India could not ignore Bangladesh’s initiative, which is likely why the Yunus-Modi meeting took place. We can view this as the beginning of the normalisation of relations. As I mentioned earlier, the rest now depends on India.

*AKM Zakaria is the Deputy Editor at Prothom Alo. Email: akmzakaria@gmail.com

*This article, originally published in Prothom Alo print and online edition, has been rewritten in English by Rabiul Islam​