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[🇧🇩] Indo-Bangla Relation: India's Regional Ambition, Geopolitical Reality, and Strategic Options For Bangladesh

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[🇧🇩] Indo-Bangla Relation: India's Regional Ambition, Geopolitical Reality, and Strategic Options For Bangladesh
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G Bangladesh Defense

Relations with India stalled due to differences in how two countries define their national interests

Diplomatic Correspondent Dhaka
Updated: 05 Feb 2026, 22: 42

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Foreign Affairs Advisor Touhid Hossain holds a meeting with journalists at the foreign ministry on Thursday afternoon. Photo: Raheed Ejaz

Foreign adviser Md Tauhid Hossain believes that relations between Bangladesh and India have stalled due to differences in the perception of mutual interests.

He expressed optimism that the relationship will smooth out when a new government comes to power.

In response to a question during an official exchange of views with journalists at his office in the foreign ministry on Thursday afternoon, the foreign adviser made these remarks. This was his last exchange of views with journalists as the foreign adviser of the interim government.

When asked about the state of relations with India during the interim government, the foreign adviser said that for various reasons, the relationship between the two countries was not very smooth during this time. However, he expressed hope that the new government, which will succeed this one, will be able to overcome this stalemate and advance the relationship.

Touhid Hossain stated, "We have been speaking of having a ''good working relationship'' with India. I can tell you that there is no conflict from my side or from the Chief Advisor or the government's opinion. From the perspective of mutual understanding and responsibility, we really wanted to have a good working relationship with India. We have always wanted this."

In response to the question of why relations did not advance as expected by the interim government, the foreign advisor said, "I cannot say we have been successful. Because, in many cases, relations have somewhat stalled. I will not say that there has been a major crisis, but the relationship is stalled."

Stating that he does not want to blame anyone, Touhid Hossain said, "India certainly acted according to how they perceived their interests. We tried to do what we thought would protect our interests. In many cases, these two things did not align. There is a difference in the perception of interests between the two parties, which is why we have not been able to move forward in many areas."

The foreign adviser expressed hope that unresolved issues could be resolved during the time of the next government. He said, "I hope that my successor and the successor government to this one will establish a smooth relationship again in their time. There will always be issues; I have said this for all countries. There will be conflicts of interest regarding these. Nevertheless, a smooth relationship is important. I have acknowledged that the relationship during our time was not very smooth. Because there have been several setbacks."

When asked about how smooth relations would be with the ousted former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina staying in India, Touhid Hossain said, "You cannot be pessimistic. You have to be optimistic. I am expressing hope that a way will certainly emerge to solve these problems."

When asked about India's stance on returning Sheikh Hasina, the foreign adviser said, "Attitude is an abstract matter. It is not right to speak about attitudes. What has been done formally can be spoken of. We have asked for her return and have not received a response from them (India). Beyond this, it would not be right to speculate."

Regarding whether there was any pressure from foreign diplomats for the Awami League to participate in the national election, the foreign adviser said, "Some of those who came to meet me inquired about the issue, but not everyone. However, no one created any pressure of any kind. No one said that it should or should not be done or that it must be done. Some only inquired about whether the Awami League is participating in the election. I said that in this situation, the Awami League is not participating."

In response to a question, Touhid Hossain said, "We hope that the election will be completed within a week. Although there is no lack of skeptical people, I believe there is no reason for the election not to occur."

Commenting on the rarity of perfect elections, the foreign adviser said, "Nothing in life is perfect. There are always some problems. However, it is important to see if the opinion of the public is represented. You don't have to look at numbers to understand public opinion; we generally know and understand. In the four previous elections that we call elections, public opinion was reflected in every one of them. I lived in India for a long time. They proudly call themselves the world’s largest democracy, yet even there elections are not perfect—there are always some problems.."

When asked whether defence and other agreements with various countries will become burdens for the upcoming government, the foreign advisor said, "Instead of leaving a burden for the next government, I believe that I am advancing many issues to make it easier for the next government."

As an argument in favour of this claim, Touhid Hossain referred to the trade agreement with the United States. He said, "We were involved in negotiations with the Americans, and because we advanced it, the tariff has come down from 37 per cent to 20 per cent. We left the next government with one less task, we made it easier for them. The defence agreement with Japan isn't happening suddenly. These processes were ongoing for quite some time. We have been advancing these for the last one and a half years."

On the issue of visas, the foreign adviser commented, "I am not willing to take responsibility for this as the foreign advisor. This is the responsibility of the country, of the entire system. Not the foreign ministry, nor personally mine. There are ample opportunities worldwide; we are unable to utilise them due to our own faults. We are entirely accountable for not getting visas."

Touhid Hossain said, "The Chief Advisor himself said we are the best at fraud. When you commit fraud, why would they believe your documents Whether it's regarding a visa or admission, everything is determined based on documents. It's our responsibility to make them believe what they see in the papers. If it's found that a woman went to a country for a domestic worker's job, but her visa was as a front office manager, consider the level of deceit we are capable of. Until we organise ourselves, this problem will not be solved. More difficulties could arise."​
 
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Indo-Bangladesh relations: tribute, not tributary

HASINA’S ouster opened the door to a more balanced but nuanced Indo-Bangladesh relations. This is still evolving because Delhi’s sulking from its loss of paramountcy over Dhaka.

Without Hasina, India must recalibrate its relationship with a more aroused and nationalistic Bangladesh. History, geography and Bangladesh’s core interests require Dhaka to construct this relationship on two irreversible and reciprocal considerations of paying tribute without becoming a tributary. Bangladesh cultural tours

As the weaker party living adjacent to an elephant, realism dictates that Dhaka should be willing to pay tribute to Delhi, like the states on imperial China’s periphery did. But calculated tribute should not induce India to make Bangladesh its tributary. Robust overt and covert resistance will follow.

This is illustrated by US-Canada relationship. Ottawa has pushed back against Trump’s assertions of making Canada the 51st state. Canadian prime minister Carney warned in Davos last January 20 that Trump’s actions had created a ‘rupture in the world order.’ DC-Ottawa relations have soured: the Canadian military reportedly is making contingency plans to combat a US invasion!

A similar rupture has occurred in India-Bangladesh relations. The difference is in the timing. Trump’s rupture occurred within a year of his second term. Ours took 15 years from 2009-2025 when Hasina voluntarily became RAW’s tool.

Individual and institutional factors underpinned the South Asian rupture.

The individual was Hasina. What compelled her — the daughter of Bangabandhu who kept Delhi at arm’s length — to be an Indian quisling is unfathomable and would be a fitting psychiatric study.

The institutional factor involves history and hubris.

History because a reasonably substantial body of Indian elite opinion would like to see a reversal of the 1947 partition. While mostly overtly benign, this approach became covertly active through RAW’s operations in East Pakistan from RAW’s establishment in September 1968.

Niazi’s surrender on December 16, 1971, generated euphoric hubris amongst this elite. A personal example suffices. On December 21, 1971, an Indian journalist gleefully told the author during coffee in the then Intercontinental Hotel, inter alia, that this surrender represented a reattachment of India’s left arm severed in 1947!

Unsaid but implied was that a similar reattachment of the western limb would occur after another Indian victory. The low-intensity warfare between Delhi and Islamabad since 1971 lends credence to this view.

This hubris became South Block’s bible. Its expression in official dealings was both limited and muted in Bangladesh’s early years. But it blossomed under BJP’s populist, escapist and delusional Hindutva ideology when Modi assumed power in 2014 and crudely expressed in minister Amit Shah’s reference in September 2018 to Bangladeshi immigrants as ‘termites.’ Bangladesh cultural tours

This blossoming was facilitated by Hasina’s total subservience to Delhi. India could hardly believe its luck in having a country’s prime minister in its pocket. But it pushed its luck too far. The result is Delhi having to host Hasina.

India’s behaviour since Hasina’s departure is mixed.

To cover its intelligence failure, Delhi and Indian media lashed out irrationally against the interim government. Delhi has allowed Hasina to issue motivated media pronouncements that reinforce her quisling image. It withdrew the dependents of its diplomats in Bangladesh.

Delhi has made conciliatory gestures like attending Khaleda’s funeral and Modi sending a heartfelt condolence letter to Tarique Rahman.

What is the possible way forward out of this seeming impasse?

To deal with Hasina first. Her presence must embarrass India. Arguably, she has outlived her utility and is a needless stumbling block for better India-Bangladesh relations.

Realism suggests Hasina can improve such relations by renouncing politics. Even better, by dying of natural causes and being buried in India. She has lost the right of burial in Bangladesh which she sold to India for personal profit.

Bangladesh was more sinned against sinning. It behoves India to make the first moves. Take steps that stimulate greater and better trade. Make the border less irritable. Tell the Indian media to tone down its deranged attacks. Stop ministers issuing observations that needle Bangladesh. Gag Hasina. Bangladesh cultural tours

These are tactical, easily implementable measures. What is strategically vital and more difficult is for a change of mindset in Delhi. It should stop behaving that its help in 1971 entitles it to eternal gratitude bordering on servitude by Dhaka.

This help at bottom was a mutually beneficial business transaction and it is time to move on. Like the East European nations’ view of their liberation by the Red Army in 1945.

Simultaneously, India should stop recruiting collaborators to echo this mindset. For example, giving the Padma Shri to Bangladesh retired Lt Col Sajjad Zaheer in November 2021 was indiscreet.

The ostensible reason was his alleged contribution to Indian intelligence in 1971. But Zaheer fled from Sialkot to India in August 1971, four months after war broke out. The real reason is Zaheer’s advocating greater appreciation eg, building a memorial to Indian servicemen, of India’s military contribution. This advocacy unsurprisingly happened under Hasina.

This is not to suggest that Delhi should not seek out Bangladeshis who wish for better relations with India. But no more toxic collaborators like Hasina, please.

This change in mindset needs to be accompanied by measured restraint over the question with whom Bangladesh talks. For example, Delhi and its media became apoplectic with Dhaka’s long overdue opening to Islamabad. Apart from trade matters, the other benefits are not particularly substantive or enduring. The events of 1971 still rankle in Bangladesh. Bangladesh cultural tours

Similarly, Indian concerns over our relationship with China are overblown and irrational. China has resources we need that India can’t provide. This suggests good working Beijing-Dhaka relationship without reaching the level of a self-defeating military alliance.

Bangladesh isn’t a threat to India. China is, astride the disputed Arunachal, Sikkim and Bhutan borders.

Besides, relations with Beijing and Islamabad provide a welcome relief from the suffocating Indian embrace.

India’s genuine concerns about its north-east security were fully satisfied by Hasina who rightly curbed ULFA and Naga separatist activities inside Bangladesh. The Yunus government has continued this policy and has shown considerable stamina in managing Bangladesh-India relations.

India’s north-east security issues predate Pakistan and Bangladesh’s establishment. On August 14, 1947, Naga leader AZ Phizo declared Naga independence. These issues arise from Delhi’s inability to strike satisfactory deals with the north-easterners. Hence, it rules through the draconian Armed Forces Special Powers Act.

For Bangladesh to pay fraternal tribute to bigger India is not subservience but sensible diplomacy. For Delhi to behave like a big brother by trying to make Dhaka its tributary is unacceptable imperialism.

Optics matter a lot in this tricky and touchy relationship that should improve after the elections.

Mumtaz Iqbal is a former banker and freelancer with an interest in history.​
 
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Ties with India won’t be held hostage over Hasina: Fakhrul

Says Bangladesh will push for extradition but expand trade and development ties

Star Online Report

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Reuters File Photo

BNP Secretary General Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir has said that Bangladesh’s relationship with India will not be “held captive” over the issue of ousted prime minister Sheikh Hasina, who has been living in India since her removal from power in 2024.

Speaking to Indian news outlet The Hindu, Fakhrul stressed that BNP, set to form government tomorrow, will pursue projects that serve Bangladesh’s interests and will not be deterred from deepening development partnerships with India.

“We believe that Hasina has really committed serious human rights violations. There is a popular demand to punish her, and we believe that India should hand her over to us. But not handing over Sheikh Hasina to Bangladesh will not be a deterrent to building broader relation including trade and commercial ties. We want to build even better ties,” he said.

Bangladesh’s interim government had repeatedly urged India to hand over Hasina and senior Awami League leaders who fled after the 2024 uprising, but India has not responded so far.

Fakhrul said legal processes against Hasina and her associates will continue.

The BNP leader acknowledged challenges in bilateral ties, but urged focus on cooperation.

“America and China have many difficulties in bilateral ties, yet they are working with each other. We should not stick to just one issue in India-Bangladesh relations,” he said.

Fakhrul recalled BNP’s historic role in fostering ties with India, citing visits by party founder President Ziaur Rahman to New Delhi in 1980, while Sheikh Hasina and family were residing in India, following the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in August 1975.

“That’s the statesmanlike approach,” he noted.

Looking ahead, Fakhrul flagged pressing issues such as the renewal of the Ganges Treaty and border killings.

“We can’t fight a war with India. We need to talk. Those who talk about fighting India are speaking like insane,” he said.

Alongside BNP Chairman Tarique Rahman, Fakhrul has reached out to political rivals, including Jamaat-e-Islami and the National Citizen Party, stressing reconciliation.

He criticised the interim government’s failure to unite the country after the 2024 uprising, saying, “Prof Yunus could not go outside of the brief that the leaders of the uprising gave him.”

Fakhrul presented BNP’s 31-point agenda, highlighting opportunities for cooperation with India in trade, commerce, digital infrastructure, and capacity building.

“India has resources in technical education, and we have a large number of unemployed youngsters. We need to help them with capacity building so that they can get jobs in the Gulf,” he said.

He added that the BNP government will reassess mega projects left behind by the Awami League, retaining only those that serve national interests.​
 
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