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[🇧🇩] Cottage Industry in Bangladesh
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SMEs struggle with complex policy and market access
Staff Correspondent 13 December, 2025, 23:49

Bangladesh’s small and medium enterprises are demonstrating remarkable resilience and innovation, but rising costs, export barriers, limited manpower, and policy constraints continue to pose major challenges, entrepreneurs said at the SME Product Fair 2025.

‘Starting was never easy, and sustaining growth without proper policy and financial support is even harder,’ said Farzana Islam Moury, a business graduate from Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, founder of handicraft brand Craftimation, while speaking to New Age on the sidelines of the fair.

The SME fair, organised by the SME Foundation, which began at the Bangladesh-China Friendship Conference Centre in Dhaka’s Agargaon on 7 December, featuring over 350 SME enterprises, with nearly 60 per cent of participants being women entrepreneurs, will continue until 14 December.

Moury said, ‘Our goal is to preserve and present Bangladeshi heritage authentically. Anyone should be able to look at our products and instantly recognise the story, culture, and tradition behind them.’

Craftimation, founded in 2020, began its journey during the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic with an investment of only Tk 3,000.

Today, Craftimation employs around 20–22 permanent workers, along with additional project-based artisans for large orders.

Despite steady growth, Moury said high export costs and the absence of external investment remain significant barriers.

While the company exports products through third-party channels, mainly targeting Bangladeshi expatriates, fluctuating demand and logistics expenses make overseas expansion difficult for small businesses.

Currently, retail sales generate an average monthly turnover of Tk 4–5 lakh, while export and wholesale sales often exceed Tk 1 lakh.

Agribusiness ventures also highlighted market-building struggles.

Mushroom Palli, owned by 40-year-old Md Otiur Rahman Milon, attracted large crowds with mushroom-based products including soup, pickles, chutney, jelly, and dried mushrooms.

However, Milon said changing consumer perception was one of his biggest early challenges.

‘If people can afford to spend money on Cigarettes, why wouldn’t they eat mushrooms?’ he said.

Starting mushroom cultivation in 2019 on 20 decimals of land in Bauphal Upazila of Patuakhali with an investment of Tk 8 lakh, Milon faced ridicule from locals who referred to mushrooms as ‘frog umbrellas’.

In 2021, the collapse of his cultivation house nearly shut down the business, but he rebuilt it. Today, his enterprise generates sales of around Tk 1.5 lakh per month.

Still, he said, access to export markets and technical support remains limited. He plans to train 200 mushroom farmers by 2026 and develop a sustainable export pipeline.

Women entrepreneurs also stressed structural barriers.

Forty-five-year-old Sirajum Munira, a research officer at LAMP Hospital and founder of jute-based brand Sutar Kabyo, received the SME Foundation Award this year.

Starting eight years ago with Tk 10,000, her initiative now employs about 200 rural artisans in Parbatipur, Dinajpur, with monthly sales of Tk 18–20 lakh.

Munira said export certification requirements, such as ISO and Sedex, are major hurdles for small enterprises.

She said, ‘Certifications require significant investments that small businesses can’t afford. Without policy support and patronage, global scaling is extremely challenging.’

Although her products are already exported to Italy, Kuwait, and the United States, she called for government assistance to simplify export compliance.

Banks at the fair highlighted financing challenges faced by SMEs.

BRAC Bank relationship officer Oly Ahmed said many entrepreneurs lack information about suitable loan products.

He noted that the bank offers SME loans at 13.5 per cent interest, while women entrepreneurs under the TARA programme can access loans at 5 per cent interest.

Technology-driven SMEs raised concerns over funding and regulatory gaps.

Chief operating officer Md Mahfujul Haque of Dubotech Digital Ltd, a deep-tech company that recently won the National SME Award, said long R and D cycles, lack of specialised suppliers, and absence of clear import guidelines for oceanographic equipment remain major obstacles.

‘Building underwater robotics requires sustained research funding, regulatory clarity, and skilled manpower,’ he added.

Originating from the BRAC University research initiative BRACU DUBURI in 2017, the company went on to become Bangladesh’s first dedicated underwater robotics firm and achieved World Runner-Up at the international RoboSub competition.

He further said that Dubotech aims to develop autonomous underwater vehicles and expand inspection services for ports and energy infrastructure.

However, Haque stressed that without long-term R and D grants, innovation-friendly procurement policies, and low-interest financing, scaling such high-impact technology will remain difficult.

Despite diverse sectors and scales, entrepreneurs at the SME Product Fair 2025 shared a common message: innovation alone is not enough.

Without targeted policy support, affordable finance, and market access, the growth potential of Bangladesh’s SMEs will remain constrained.​
 
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Simpler tax rules can transform our SMEs

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Bangladesh's tax-to-GDP ratio remains among the lowest in Asia, stuck at around 8-9 percent. This persistent weakness limits the state's capacity to invest in infrastructure, education, healthcare, energy and social protection. Public debate often focuses on taxing the wealthy or closing loopholes for large corporations. Yet an overlooked but critical challenge lies elsewhere: the vast number of small shop owners, traders and micro-entrepreneurs who remain outside the tax net.

For millions of small businesses across Bangladesh, from neighbourhood grocers to clothing retailers and roadside vendors, tax compliance is not just a financial burden but an administrative one. Filing an income tax return often requires professional help. VAT compliance is even more daunting. Record keeping, digital submissions and documentation standards make VAT practically inaccessible to the typical small trader operating with minimal staff and modest turnover. Unsurprisingly, most simply avoid the system altogether.

Yet these small enterprises account for a large share of the economy. The informal sector contributes more than one-third of GDP and employs the majority of the labour force. A tax system that fails to include this segment will always struggle to raise adequate revenue. This is compounded by the reality that Bangladesh's revenue administration lacks the manpower and technological capacity to monitor or audit millions of micro businesses. Expecting universal compliance under the current framework is unrealistic. Any workable tax policy must align with administrative capacity.

A practical solution, used successfully by many countries, is a flat rate, simplified tax and VAT regime for small businesses. Such systems sharply reduce compliance costs and encourage voluntary participation. India's GST Composition Scheme, which allows small businesses to pay a low fixed percentage of turnover with minimal paperwork, brought millions of traders into the formal tax base. Similar models in Indonesia, Pakistan, Turkey, Brazil and Kenya show that simplified taxation broadens the tax net far more effectively than complex, documentation-heavy systems.

A simplified model for Bangladesh could work in three parts. First, a fixed annual income tax could be set by shop size, turnover category or location. Second, a fixed VAT amount could be determined using the same criteria, removing the need for complex Mushak forms. Third, optional digital payment incentives could encourage early or consistent compliance.

Such a system would remove the need for accountants, reduce the fear of audits and make paying tax almost as simple as paying a utility bill. Even modest payments from millions of small traders would meaningfully expand national revenue. More importantly, a simplified self-reporting system would ease pressure on the revenue authority, lowering the need for additional manpower and reducing scope for arbitrary enforcement.

Simplification, however, must be matched with fair but firm enforcement. Once the state offers an easy way to comply, persistent evasion cannot be ignored. Strict penalties are needed to prevent large firms from splitting into smaller units to qualify for lower rates. Penalties must be clear and predictable, avoiding arbitrary actions that push businesses deeper underground. Balance matters. Heavy-handed enforcement fuels fear and corruption, while transparent enforcement supports long-term behavioural change. Policymakers should also resist the temptation to gradually raise flat tax rates.

Bangladesh does not need a perfect tax system. It needs a practical, inclusive and administratively simple one. A low burden flat rate tax scheme for small traders is among the most achievable reforms available. It is fair, efficient and better suited to the structure of the economy than the current one-size-fits-all model.

If Bangladesh is serious about sustainable development, stronger public services and lower reliance on debt, expanding the tax base is essential. Simplifying taxation for small traders may be the single most effective step towards that goal. A tax system people can understand and afford is one they are far more likely to join.

The writer is chairman of Unilever Consumer Care Ltd​
 
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Export potential of Bangladesh's handicraft sector

Challenges and strategic pathways for global integration


Abu Mukhles Alamgir Hossain
Published :
Jan 15, 2026 00:12
Updated :
Jan 15, 2026 00:12

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Export diversification remains a critical development objective for Bangladesh as the country seeks to reduce its heavy reliance on readymade garments (RMG). Within this context, the handicraft sector presents a viable alternative export avenue due to its strong backward linkages with rural employment, cultural heritage, and environmentally sustainable production. Despite its long tradition and growing global relevance, the sector has not achieved commensurate success in international markets.

GLOBAL MARKET TRENDS IN HANDICRAFTS: The global handicraft market has experienced sustained growth over the past decade, driven by increasing consumer awareness of sustainability, ethical sourcing, and cultural authenticity. Handmade and eco-friendly products are increasingly preferred in developed markets, particularly in Europe and North America. Moreover, the expansion of e-commerce platforms has reduced entry barriers for small producers, enabling artisans from developing countries to access global value chains. Artworks and traditional crafts are also gaining recognition on humanitarian and cultural grounds, further strengthening demand.

The global market size of handicrafts-encompassing textile, metal, wood and stone, ceramic, pottery, vegetable fiber-based handicrafts, as well as eco-friendly products-is estimated at US$ 1,107 billion and is projected to reach US$ 2.3 trillion, growing at a CAGR of 10.15 per cent.

EXPORT PERFORMANCE IN HANDICRAFTS: Bangladesh's handicraft exports are concentrated largely under HS Chapter 46, which includes manufactures of straw, esparto, and other plaiting materials such as basketware and wickerwork. Although exports have shown gradual growth, Bangladesh's global market share remains very insignificant compared to major exporters like China and India. Weak branding, limited product diversification, and inadequate promotional efforts have restricted the sector's ability to scale up exports despite favorable global demand conditions. The export performance of the last five years is furnished in table 1.

There is a significant strategic planning gap between Bangladesh's export performance and the market size of the leading importing countries. Bangladesh can further increase its market share by deepening penetration in existing markets and pursuing product and market development.Import data of the leading countries for the last four years are presented below:

Beyond HS Chapter 46, exports from other segments of the handicrafts sector-classified under HS codes 560900, 420221, 420211, 340600, 630590, 570500, 570210, 530310, 531010, and 480210-are estimated at approximately USD 380 million. The global market size for these segments is estimated at USD 31.93 billion, of which Bangladesh accounts for only 1.18 per cent of the world market share.

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF BANGLADESH: Bangladesh possesses several intrinsic strengths that support the development of a competitive handicraft export sector. These include an abundant supply of skilled artisans with traditional craftsmanship, a strong raw material base in jute and natural fibers, and alignment with global sustainability trends. In recent years, there has also been progress in design development and export compliance, enhancing the sector's readiness for international markets. These advantages provide a solid foundation for future growth if supported by targeted interventions.

INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS AND STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES: Notwithstanding its strengths, the handicraft sector faces significant internal challenges. The absence of dedicated research and development (R&D) and design centres limits innovation and product upgrading. Access to finance remains constrained, particularly for small producers and informal enterprises. The sector also suffers from a shortage of skilled artisans, inconsistent availability of raw materials, rising input costs, and inadequate infrastructure for storage and transportation. Furthermore, weak institutional coordination and insufficient government support have resulted in poor integration between local producers and global markets.

EXTERNAL CHALLENGES AND COMPETITIVE PRESSURES: Externally, Bangladesh's handicraft exports face intense competition from established producers, notably China and India, which benefit from scale economies, advanced design capabilities, and strong country branding. The proliferation of low-cost substitute products further erodes price competitiveness. Additionally, the lack of a coherent national branding strategy and limited international promotion reduce the visibility of Bangladeshi handicrafts in global markets.

EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES: Despite these challenges, several emerging trends offer new opportunities for the sector. The global shift toward sustainable lifestyles, growing demand for eco-friendly and locally made products, and the availability of donor funding for artisan development create a favourable external environment. Government policy initiatives aimed at product upgrading, combined with the rapid growth of e-commerce, present additional pathways for enhancing export performance.

POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS: To realise the full export potential of the handicraft sector, a comprehensive and updated policy framework is essential. Key measures should include the establishment of R&D and design centres, improved access to finance through targeted credit facilities and incentive schemes, and strengthened skill development and capacity-building programmes. Investments in infrastructure, logistics, and digital platforms are also critical to enhancing market access and export competitiveness.

The Handicrafts Policy 2018 (or existing policy) has not yet been revised to adequately reflect the current global market dynamics and the evolving challenges faced by sector stakeholders. Immediate government intervention is, therefore, necessary. In addition, nationwide cluster mapping to develop an accurate and updated database of artisans and enterprises is crucial for evidence-based policymaking and effective government support.

Equally important is the development of a strong country branding strategy and proactive participation in international trade fairs and online marketplaces. Emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly production should remain central to policy interventions.

The handicraft sector offers Bangladesh a strategic opportunity to promote export diversification, rural employment, and sustainable development. While the sector faces both internal and external constraints, favourable global trends and emerging market opportunities provide a strong rationale for renewed policy attention. With coordinated institutional support, targeted investment, and effective global positioning, Bangladesh can enhance the competitiveness of its handicraft industry and secure a stronger role in the international handicraft market.

Abu Mukhles Alamgir Hossain is Director (Current Charge), Export Promotion Bureau (EPB).​
 
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